Knowledge Center
Body Armor Glossary
The industry reference: 867 verified body-armor terms, from ablative armor to Zylon, spanning standards, materials, testing, threats, and procurement. Where a term has a full explainer, it links straight to the article.
729 governed by a cited primary source
122 materials-science reference
16 flagged for expert review
Each term is attributed to the government or standards body that governs it, NIJ, ASTM, MIL-STD, NATO, U.S. Code, CBP, and others, never a commercial vendor. Attribution names the authoritative source; final wording is confirmed by subject-matter review against that document.
A
Ablative Armor
Armor designed to dissipate energy by sacrificing part of its material upon impact, commonly used in high-temperature or hypervelocity environments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Ablative Material
A material that dissipates energy by sacrificing its surface layers, often used in extreme environments to protect underlying structures.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Accessory
A detachable component of body armor designed to extend protection to additional body parts beyond what the primary armor covers, safeguarding against various threats such as ballistic impacts, stabbings, and blunt force. Common accessories include pieces for the shoulders, upper arms, neck, sides, pelvis, and groin.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Acquisition Plan
A comprehensive strategy for managing a government procurement, outlining objectives, schedules, and requirements to fulfill an agency's needs.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Active Protection System
APS
An advanced system used primarily in vehicles, employing sensors and countermeasures to detect and neutralize incoming threats like rockets or missiles.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Active Shooter Kit
A set of tactical equipment, including ballistic-resistant plates and carriers, used by law enforcement during active shooter incidents.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
AD Valorem Duty
A tariff calculated as a percentage of the value of the imported goods, commonly applied in international trade.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Additive Manufacturing
3D PRINTING
The use of 3D printing technologies to prototype or manufacture complex or custom ballistic armor components, enabling new levels of precision and customization.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Adhesive Backing
A layer of adhesive material used to secure ballistic panels or components, ensuring stability and alignment during use.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Adiabatic Material Compression
A phenomenon where materials under ballistic impact compress rapidly, generating localized heat and contributing to deformation or failure mechanisms.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Adiabatic Shear Banding
A phenomenon where materials fail due to localized deformation and thermal softening during high-velocity impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Advanced Combat Helmet
ACH
US Army helmet from 2002, replacing PASGT with MICH design influences.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Advanced Composite Bonding Techniques
Emerging adhesive and bonding technologies to improve the performance of composite armor systems by enhancing layer adhesion and impact resistance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
AEP-2920
The NATO Allied Engineering Publication accompanying STANAG 2920, detailing the ballistic test procedure for armour materials.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NATO STANAG 2920 ↗
Aerogel Armor Layers
Extremely lightweight materials made from silica or polymers, used in armor to enhance thermal insulation and energy dissipation properties.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Air-gap
Space between armor elements, reducing effectiveness in ceramics and body armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Allotropic Transformation
A change in the crystalline structure of a material, such as from cubic to hexagonal, affecting its mechanical properties.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Alon
Aluminum oxynitride, transparent ceramic armor material by Surmet Corporation.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Alumina
ALUMINUM OXIDE, AL2O3
Popular ceramic armor material, common in industrial use and body armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Aluminum Armor
Armor plate from aluminum alloy, used in vehicles for its lightweight and strength.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ambient Condition Testing
Testing protocols for body armor performance under standard environmental conditions, establishing baseline functionality.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Ammunition
Refers to one or more loaded cartridges, each composed of a casing, primer, propellant, and projectile(s), designed for use in firearms.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Amorphization
The loss of crystalline structure in a material, often induced under high pressure or ballistic impact, which can alter its performance.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Amorphous Solid
Solid lacking ordered structure, like glass, some polymers, and amorphous metals.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Angle of Incidence
The angle between the line of aim of a test threat and a perpendicular line from the surface of the target's backing material. This concept is crucial in understanding how projectiles impact and interact with armor surfaces under test conditions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Angle of Obliquity
Angle between a projectile's trajectory and the target's surface.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Angle of Ricochet
The angle at which a projectile deflects off a surface instead of penetrating, critical for understanding armor geometry and performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Angle Strike
Describes an impact on an armor plate at an angle greater than zero degrees, contrary to common belief, angle strikes increase the effective thickness of the plate against the projectile, potentially improving the armor's stopping power.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Angled Impact
A test impact delivered at a defined angle of incidence rather than perpendicular, used to assess real-world hit geometry across ballistic and stab standards.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Angled Shot
A ballistic impact delivered at a specified obliquity rather than perpendicular, part of test protocols probing real-world hit geometry.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Anisotropic
Material with varying properties in different directions.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Anisotropy
A material property where mechanical behavior varies based on direction, crucial in ballistic fabrics and composites.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Anti-ballistic
A general descriptor for materials or products intended to resist ballistic penetration. Vague on its own; always confirm the specific standard and level.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
AP
ARMOR PIERCING
A type of ammunition designed to penetrate armor and protective gear, utilizing hard core materials such as steel, tungsten, or depleted uranium to achieve high penetration capability against armored targets.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Api
ARMOR PIERCING INCENDIARY
AP bullet with incendiary mixture for explosive impact.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
APM2
7.62×63mm (.30-06) armor-piercing bullet with a steel penetrator.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Applique
A ballistic clay applied behind a curved or non-planar armor panel during testing to ensure proper contact and accurate backface deformation measurement.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
APPLIQUÉ
A molded item from backing material, shaped for testing or conditioning nonplanar armor items, assisting in accurately evaluating the protective performance of curved plates or female-specific armor designs.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Aramid
A class of high-strength, heat-resistant synthetic fibers (such as Kevlar and Twaron) woven or laminated into soft body armor.
Read: Aramid vs Polyethylene: The Two Fibers Behind Soft Armor →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Aramid
KEVLAR®, TECHNORA®, TWARON
A category of strong, heat-resistant synthetic fibers used in a wide range of applications, including ballistic protective clothing and equipment. Aramid fibers are known for their durability, strength, and resistance to abrasion and heat.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Aramid Blends
Composites of aramid fibers mixed with other high-performance materials to improve strength, flexibility, or cost-efficiency.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Aramid Fibers
Synthetic fibers such as Kevlar® and Twaron® known for high strength-to-weight ratios, commonly used in ballistic protection.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Areal Coverage Ratio
ACR
The ratio of an armor panel's protective area to its total weight, used to evaluate design efficiency.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Areal Density
The weight of a material per unit area, used to compare the effectiveness of protective materials in terms of weight and coverage.
Read: Weight and Fatigue: The Hidden Cost of Over-Armoring →REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Armor Carrier
Also known simply as a carrier, this is a garment designed to hold and secure armor panels or plates against the body, providing a system for wearability and protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Armor Cut
Refers to the shape and dimensions of an armor plate, such as shooter cut, swimmer cut, or full cut, designed to optimize coverage and mobility.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Armor Degradation in Extreme Climates
Studies or standards addressing the long-term durability of ballistic materials exposed to extreme heat, cold, or humidity, ensuring reliability in diverse environments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
Armor Delamination Detection
Techniques or technologies used to identify separation of bonded layers in armor panels, which can compromise ballistic performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Armor FIT Testing
The process of ensuring body armor properly fits the individual wearer, maximizing protection and comfort.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Armor Gradient Transition
The seamless shift between material layers in composite armors, optimizing energy absorption and resistance to multiple threat types.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Armor Lifecycle Management
Strategies and systems for tracking the service life of body armor, ensuring timely replacement or refurbishment to maintain protection standards.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ BA 9000 ↗
Armor Load Simulation
Computational tools for simulating the load and stress distribution on body armor systems during use, aiding in design optimization.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Armor Model
A specific design or version of body armor with unique specifications and characteristics, identifying a particular set of protection capabilities and construction details.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ CTP / CPL ↗
Armor Panel
A protective element of soft body armor, made of materials like Kevlar or UHMWPE, enclosed typically in a fabric cover, designed to offer protection against specific threats such as bullets, stabs, or blunt impact.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Armor Rating
The classification of body armor based on its ability to resist specific ballistic threats, typically adhering to standards like NIJ levels.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Armor Thermal Resistance
Measurement of how well armor resists heat transfer, particularly relevant for protection against incendiary rounds or exposure to high temperatures.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Armored Vehicle Weight Optimization
Engineering techniques to reduce the weight of armored vehicles while maintaining or improving protection levels, enhancing mobility and fuel efficiency.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
ASTM D5264
ASTM practice for abrasion resistance of materials, applied to armor fabrics and coatings.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM D5264-98
2019
Details the standard practice for abrasion resistance of printed materials by the Sutherland Rub Tester, relevant for evaluating the durability of labels and markings on body armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E2860
ASTM test method for residual stress measurement relevant to armor materials.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E29
ASTM practice for using significant digits to determine conformance with specifications, applied when reporting armor test data.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E29-13
Focuses on the practice of using significant digits in test data to determine conformance with specifications, emphasizing the importance of precision and accuracy in test measurements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3004-22
Details the specifications for preparing and verifying clay blocks used in ballistic-resistance testing of torso body armor, ensuring a consistent medium for backface deformation measurement.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3005
ASTM standard terminology for body armor, defining consistent terms used across armor test methods.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3005-20
Provides terminology for body armor, standardizing the language used in the description, testing, and evaluation of ballistic protection gear.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3017-17A
Describes the test method for measuring resistance to penetration and backface deformation for ballistic-resistant torso body armor and shoot packs, providing a standardized approach to evaluate armor performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3110
ASTM test method for ballistic-resistant torso body armor, covering test conditions and measurement.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3110/E3110M-22
Outlines the test method for collecting ballistic limit data for ballistic-resistant torso body armor and shoot packs, aimed at determining the velocity at which a projectile is expected to penetrate the armor 50% of the time.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3111/E3111M-22
Describes the test methods for ballistic-resistant head protection, ensuring helmets meet specific protection standards against ballistic threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3112-17
Specifies the test method for ballistic-resistant products and shoot packs, offering guidelines for assessing the protective capabilities of various ballistic-resistant items.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3192-2
Focuses on soft armor conditioning by tumbling, providing a method to precondition body armor materials for testing, simulating wear and environmental exposure.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3347
ASTM standard guide for ballistic shields, addressing system-level evaluation including viewport and components.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3347/E3347M-22
Specifies the standard for ballistic-resistant shields used by law enforcement officers, outlining the criteria for design and performance of protective shields.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
ASTM E3368/E3368M-23
Sets the specification for ballistic-resistant helmets worn by U.S. public safety officers, detailing the performance requirements and testing methods for head protection gear.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
Atom Percent
AT%
Proportion of atoms of one element to the total in a compound or alloy.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Attack Side
The face of a bullet-resistant barrier oriented toward the threat, as distinguished from the protected side.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
Autofrettage
A manufacturing process where materials like steel are pre-stressed to improve resistance to high-pressure impacts, commonly used in projectile-resistant structures.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Auxetic
Material that thickens when stretched, opposite of most materials.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Auxetic Materials
Materials that expand perpendicular to applied strain, offering unique energy absorption properties for ballistic applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Award
The formal acceptance of a contractor's bid or proposal, signifying the start of a contract agreement.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
B
BA 9000
The NIJ body-armor-specific quality management system requirements, built on ISO 9001, governing production consistency and traceability.
Read: BA9000: The Quality System Behind Compliant Armor →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ BA 9000 ↗
Back Face Deformation
The term used to describe the effect of a non penetrating projectile on the rear face of a strike plate. The extent of allowable deformation is set by the National Institute of Justice in its Standards at 44mm.
Read: Backface Deformation: The Injury Behind the Stop →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Back Panel
The armor panel or plate covering the back of the torso.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Backer
Support material in composite armor, enhancing ceramic plate effectiveness.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Backface Deformation
BFD OR BFS
The deformation occurring on the inner surface of armor when it stops a non-penetrating projectile. Controlled back face deformation is crucial for preventing blunt force trauma to the wearer, with standards set by organizations such as the NIJ to ensure safety.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Backface Signature
The depression left in the backing clay behind armor after a non-penetrating hit, measured as backface deformation and capped by the standard.
Read: Backface Deformation: The Injury Behind the Stop →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Backface Signature
BFS OR BFD
The indentation or bulge on the side of armor backing material that faces the wearer, caused by the force of a non-penetrating projectile impact. This is a critical factor in assessing armor performance, especially concerning potential injury to the wearer.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Backface Signature
BFS
The deformation on the rear side of body armor when stopping a projectile, measured to ensure it stays within safe limits to prevent blunt force trauma.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Backface Trauma Pad
A foam or gel-based insert placed behind armor plates to reduce the blunt force transmitted to the wearer during ballistic impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Backing Assembly
A part of the testing setup for body armor, consisting of materials (like clay) that simulate human tissue, used to measure backface deformation upon projectile impact.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Bainite
Steel microstructure offering balanced hardness and toughness.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Ball
Refers to standard, full metal jacket (FMJ) ammunition with a lead core and a copper or brass jacket, designed for reliability and consistent performance, rather than specialized penetration or expansion capabilities.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Ballistic Blankets
Portable, flexible ballistic shields used in tactical or emergency scenarios for protecting personnel from bullets and explosive fragments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ballistic Chronograph
A precision instrument used to measure projectile velocity, providing critical data for evaluating the performance of ammunition and ballistic armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Ballistic Coefficient
BC
A measure of a projectile's aerodynamic efficiency, crucial in determining its ability to maintain velocity and stability over long distances.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Ballistic Fabric
Fabric made from high-strength fibers, used in armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Ballistic Face Shield
A transparent, bullet-resistant shield attached to a helmet, providing facial protection while allowing visibility.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Ballistic Fragment Trap
An additional layer in ballistic helmets or shields designed to capture fragments or ricochets generated during impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Ballistic Gelatin
A synthetic material used to simulate human tissue in ballistic testing, providing insights into penetration and energy transfer effects.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Ballistic Helmet
A helmet designed to protect against ballistic impacts and blunt force trauma, commonly used by law enforcement and military personnel.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Ballistic Impact Imaging Systems
High-speed cameras and sensors used to capture and analyze the interaction between projectiles and armor in real time.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Ballistic Impact Simulator
A digital tool for modeling and analyzing projectile impacts on armor systems, providing data on energy dispersion and penetration.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Ballistic Limit
Minimum velocity at which a projectile reliably penetrates armor.
Read: V50 and Ballistic Limit: Measuring Armor, Not Just Rating It →PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Ballistic Limit
V50
The velocity at which a projectile has a 50% chance of penetrating a material, used as a benchmark for armor performance.
Read: V50 and Ballistic Limit: Measuring Armor, Not Just Rating It →PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Ballistic Limit Curve
A graphical representation of the relationship between projectile velocity and penetration probability, used to assess armor performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Ballistic Nylon
Heavy, high-denier nylon fabric used in early soft body armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ballistic Pack
The assembled ballistic material inside an armor panel, the panel’s protective core, separate from the removable carrier or cover.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ballistic Panel
A type of armor panel specifically designed to provide protection against ballistic threats by stopping or slowing down bullets.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Ballistic Partition
A portable structure or barrier that provides temporary ballistic protection in confined environments, such as classrooms or offices.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ballistic Penetration Mechanism
How projectiles penetrate different armor materials.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Ballistic Polymer Infusion
A method of strengthening ballistic fibers or composites by infusing them with specialized polymers for enhanced impact resistance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ballistic Resistance
The ability of protective gear or materials to prevent or minimize penetration, deformation, or damage from ballistic projectiles.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Ballistic Retention Test
A testing method to ensure that armor retains its structural integrity and performance after multiple impacts in the same or nearby areas.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Ballistic Shield
A portable protective device used by law enforcement to provide cover from firearms during high-risk situations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ballistic Shock Tunnel
A specialized facility used to simulate high-speed impacts and shockwave effects on armor materials.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Ballistic Standoff
The intentional spacing between a vehicle’s hull or an armor panel and its outermost layer to improve protection against shaped charges and fragmentation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Ballistics
Study of projectile dynamics in various contexts, including internal, external, terminal, and forensic.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Beryllium
Lightweight, stiff metal explored for armor use but limited by toxicity.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Best Value
A procurement method considering factors other than cost, such as quality, technical capability, and past performance, to determine the most advantageous offer.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
BFD
BACKFACE DEFORMATION
The deformation that occurs on the inner, non-strike face of body armor when it stops a projectile. This is measured in millimeters and used to assess the armor's ability to prevent blunt force trauma to the wearer. The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) and other standards specify limits on acceptable BFD to ensure wearer safety. (See Backface Signature)
Read: Backface Deformation: The Injury Behind the Stop →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Bfs
BACKFACE SIGNATURE
The visible or measurable bulge or indentation on the backface of armor after stopping a projectile. It is a critical metric for evaluating armor performance, as excessive BFS may result in significant blunt force injuries even if penetration does not occur. Often used interchangeably with Backface Deformation (BFD) in ballistic testing. (See Backface Deformation)
Read: Backface Deformation: The Injury Behind the Stop →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Bid Bond
A guarantee provided by a contractor to the government, ensuring that the contractor will enter into the contract if awarded.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Bid Protest
A formal challenge by a bidder to the awarding of a contract, often based on concerns about fairness or compliance with procurement regulations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Bill of Lading
BOL
A document issued by a carrier to the shipper, acknowledging receipt of goods for transport and outlining the terms of the shipment.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Blanket Purchase Agreement
BPA
A simplified acquisition method establishing terms for recurring purchases of goods or services over a specified period.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Blast Fragment Simulators
Tools used in testing to replicate the behavior of explosive fragments, ensuring armor performance under real-world conditions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Blast Overpressure
The intense pressure wave generated by explosives, requiring armor systems to address not only fragments but also the concussive effects.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Blast Plate Inserts
Specialized plates designed to reduce the effects of explosive blasts in addition to providing ballistic protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Blunt Force Trauma
Injury resulting from the force transmitted through armor despite non-penetration, highlighting the importance of minimizing backface deformation in armor design.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Blunt Trauma
The physical damage caused by the impact force of a projectile on armor, despite non-penetration, leading to potential injuries ranging from bruising to more severe internal damage, emphasizing the importance of limiting back face deformation in armor design.
Read: Backface Deformation: The Injury Behind the Stop →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Blunt Trauma Reduction
Features in body armor designed to minimize the force transmitted to the wearer’s body when a bullet impacts the armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Body Armor
Personal protective equipment intended to shield the wearer from various threats, including gunfire, stabbing, fragmentation, and impact. Often referred to colloquially as a "vest."
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Body Armor Deployment Bag
A compact bag used by EMS, law enforcement, or fire rescue to carry body armor and associated gear for rapid deployment in emergencies.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Body Armor Ergonomic Testing
Assessments designed to ensure body armor fits comfortably and allows for a full range of motion during operational use.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: OSHA 29 CFR 1910 ↗
Body Armor Recycling Programs
Initiatives for disposing of or repurposing used or expired body armor, addressing environmental concerns and promoting sustainability.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Body Armor Shelf Life
The duration over which body armor maintains its protective properties, often influenced by environmental exposure and material degradation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Body Mapping
The customization of body armor to individual anatomical shapes for enhanced comfort and optimized ballistic coverage.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: OSHA 29 CFR 1910 ↗
Body Side
Markings on armor plates indicating the side that should face the wearer, ensuring optimal ballistic protection orientation and effectiveness against incoming projectiles.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Bonded
A manufacturing process that chemically or physically joins the bullet's jacket to its core, enhancing integrity upon impact and preventing separation. Bonded bullets are known for their consistent penetration and expansion, making them suitable for hunting and law enforcement applications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Boride
Ceramics combining boron with metals or metalloids, like titanium diboride.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Boron Carbide
Lightweight, hard ceramic used in high-end armor plates.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Boron Carbide
B4C
A lightweight ceramic material known for its hardness and resistance to high-velocity impacts, used in body armor and vehicle protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Boron Carbide-titanium Composite
A hybrid material combining the hardness of boron carbide with the ductility of titanium for advanced ballistic protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Boron Nitride
Ceramic with two forms
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Boron Suboxide
B6O
A lightweight ceramic material with exceptional hardness, being researched for next-generation armor applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Brittle Fracture
Breakage with little plastic deformation, common in ceramics and hard metals.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Brv
Bullet resistant vest.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Brv
BULLET RESISTANT VEST
A protective garment designed to resist the penetration of bullets, offering varying levels of protection based on the design, materials used, and the specific threats it is rated against.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Btd
BALLISTIC TRANSIENT DEFORMATION
See Backface Deformation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Bullet
The projectile component of a cartridge, which is propelled through the barrel of a firearm by the force of the propellant's ignition. The design, material, and weight of bullets vary widely depending on their intended use, ranging from target shooting to hunting and ballistic protection testing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Bullet Proof
All body armor manufacturers strive to achieve a bullet proof vest. For a variety of reasons this is not possible. Any armor product will normally be described as ‘bullet resistant’ because many factors are involved which the manufacturer cannot control.
Read: Body Armor Myths, Debunked →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Bullet Resistant
The accurate term for body armor: it resists penetration by defined threats up to its rated level. No armor is bulletproof.
Read: Body Armor Myths, Debunked →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Bullet Resistant Barrier
A fixed or portable barrier (glazing, panel, or wall system) rated to a standard such as UL 752 to resist defined ballistic threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
Bulletproof
A term commonly used but technically inaccurate, as soft armor, hard armor, helmets, shields, and other ballistic resistant platforms are designed to offer bullet resistance within specific threat levels. The term emphasizes the goal of providing the highest possible level of protection against firearm threats.
Read: Body Armor Myths, Debunked →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Bulletproof Glass
BALLISTIC GLASS
Laminated transparent armor made from glass and plastics like polyurethane, PMMA, or polycarbonate.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Buy American Act
BAA
A federal law requiring the government to prioritize American-made goods in its purchases, with certain exceptions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 41 U.S.C. § 8301 ↗
C
Caliber
Measurement of bullet diameter, critical in defining ammunition specifications and compatibility with firearms, expressed in millimeters or inches, indicating the size of the projectile and influencing its ballistic behavior.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Caliper
A precision measuring instrument used to verify plate and panel dimensions, thickness, and backface deformation depth.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Capability Statement
A concise document outlining a company's qualifications, experience, and capabilities to perform government contracts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Carbide
Ceramic material of metal/metalloid and carbon, used in armor and industrial tools.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Carbon Fiber
Strong, stiff fibrous material for structural composite panels, not typically used for ballistic purposes due to brittleness.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Carbon Nanotube
Hollow, graphitic carbon tubes with potential for high strength materials, limited success in reinforcing applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Carbon Nanotube-reinforced Composite
A lightweight, high-strength material incorporating carbon nanotubes to improve ballistic resistance without adding bulk.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Carbon Nanotubes
CNTS
Cylindrical nanostructures with exceptional strength and stiffness, investigated for reinforcing composites in armor systems.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Carborundum
Synthetic silicon carbide, polycrystalline form used in abrasives and armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Carrier
A piece of equipment, often resembling a vest, designed to hold ballistic panels or plates, providing the wearer with protection and support. Typically, available in overt (external) and covert (under clothing) styles as well as plate carriers and other terminology used.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Carrier Vest
A fabric garment that holds ballistic panels or plates, available in overt (external) and covert (concealed) designs.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Cartridge
The complete unit of ammunition, consisting of the bullet (projectile), casing (shell), powder (propellant), and primer (ignition component). Cartridges are designed for specific firearms and calibers, ensuring proper fit, function, and ballistic performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Casing
The component of a cartridge that houses the primer, powder, and bullet, typically made of brass, steel, or aluminum. The casing is expelled from the firearm upon firing, in the case of semi-automatic and automatic weapons.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
CAST
The UK Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology, which publishes UK body armour standards covering ballistic, knife, and spike protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: HOSDB / CAST (UK) ↗
CAST Body Armour Standard 2017
A UK standard for body armor, detailing the specifications and testing methods required for protective vests to ensure they meet safety requirements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: HOSDB / CAST (UK) ↗
Catch Layer
A layer within soft armor or behind a strike face intended to catch fragments and decelerate the projectile after the initial impact layers disrupt it.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Ceramic
Inorganic, non-metallic, synthetic material, used for its hardness, heat resistance, and low density.
Read: Ceramic vs Steel vs Polyethylene: Choosing a Rifle Plate →REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Ceramic Armor Edge Protection
Reinforcements added to the edges of ceramic plates to prevent chipping or cracking, ensuring consistent performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ceramic Armor Wraps
External wraps used to secure and reinforce ceramic plates, protecting edges from chipping and improving multi-hit resistance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ceramic Fragment Catcher Mesh
A layer beneath ceramic armor designed to trap fragments from shattered ceramics, preventing secondary injuries.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Ceramic Matrix Composite
CMC
A composite material consisting of ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix, offering high-temperature and impact resistance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ceramic Plate
A key component in hard body armor, made from materials such as alumina oxide, silicon carbide, or boron carbide, offering high hardness and ballistic resistance. Ceramic plates are critical for defeating high-velocity threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Ceramic Tile Joining
Emerging methods for securely bonding ceramic tiles to backing materials, enhancing structural integrity and multi-hit performance in hard armor plates.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Cermet
Ceramic material with metallic binder phase, used in armor and industrial applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Certificate of Origin
COO
A document certifying the country of manufacture of goods, often required to determine applicable tariffs or trade preferences under free trade agreements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Cheat Ring
Foam ring on armor plates to prevent edge damage, sometimes used to reduce manufacturing costs and the weight of a product by having the area of coverage appear larger than it is.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Chesapeake Testing (BELCAMP, MD, USA), Lab Code 2008200
Specializes in ballistic resistance testing of body armor and personal protective equipment, ensuring compliance with national and international standards.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIST NVLAP, HB 150 ↗
Chobham Armour
Tank armor with ceramic composite tiles between steel layers, sometimes including depleted uranium.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Chronograph
An instrument that measures projectile velocity in ballistic testing, confirming each round strikes within the required reference-velocity window.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Clay Block
A type of backing assembly utilized in body armor testing, where modeling clay, such as Roma Plastilina #1®, serves as a medium to record backface deformation upon projectile impact.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Clay Box
The fixture holding the calibrated backing clay against which armor is mounted for ballistic testing, so backface deformation can be measured.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion
CTE
The rate at which a material expands or contracts with changes in temperature, critical for armor systems operating in extreme conditions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Commercial Invoice
A key document in international trade that details the transaction between exporter and importer, including product descriptions, quantities, values, and payment terms.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Complete Penetration
A condition observed in armor testing when a projectile or its fragments pass through the armor, indicating a failure of the armor to stop the threat under the test conditions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Complex Carbide
Carbides with mixed metallic elements, found in tool steels and some armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Compliance Testing Program
The NIJ program that administers body armor compliance day to day, directing accredited testing, adjudicating results, and maintaining the Compliant Products List.
Read: Inside the NIJ CTP: How the Standard Stays Current →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ CTP / CPL ↗
Compliant Products List
The authoritative public list, maintained under the NIJ Compliance Testing Program, of body armor models that met program requirements. The one place to confirm compliance.
Read: How to Read the NIJ Compliant Products List →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ CTP / CPL ↗
Composite
A composite describes the practice of combining a variety of materials to achieve the lightest weight; with the greatest capability.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Composite Armor
Armor combining different materials for improved protection, such as ceramic and fiberglass.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Composite Layup Optimization
The process of designing and arranging layers of composite materials to achieve the best balance of strength, weight, and ballistic resistance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Composite Metal Foam
Strong metal foam with embedded metallic spheres, investigated for vehicular armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Compressive Strength
The ability of a material to withstand loads that reduce its size, critical for materials like ceramics used in armor plates.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Conceal
Refers to armor designed to be worn discreetly under clothing, emphasizing stealth and everyday carry (EDC) considerations for users requiring unobtrusive ballistic protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Concussive Force Mitigation
Features in armor systems that reduce the impact of explosive shockwaves, protecting against non-penetrative injuries.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Conditioned Armor
Armor that has undergone environmental and mechanical conditioning, heat, humidity, water, and tumbling, before ballistic testing, so results reflect service-worn performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Conditioning
The process of exposing armor or materials to specific environmental conditions or physical stresses to simulate wear and aging before testing their performance.
Read: How Armor Is Aged Before It Is Approved →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Consignment
A shipment of goods that remains under the ownership of the seller until they are sold by the consignee.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Contact Shot
Test firing with gun barrel touching the armor, used in specific armor testing protocols.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Contract Line Item Number
CLIN
A specific itemized component of a government contract, detailing deliverables, pricing, and other terms.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Contract Modification
A written change to the terms, conditions, or scope of an existing contract, initiated by the contracting officer or the contractor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Contracting Officer
CO
A government official authorized to enter into, administer, and terminate contracts on behalf of the government.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Contracting OFFICER'S Representative
COR
A government representative responsible for overseeing the technical aspects of a contract and ensuring compliance with its terms.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Controlled Ambient
A standardized testing environment with specific temperature and humidity conditions (20°C ± 5.5°C and 50% ± 20% RH), ensuring consistency in the evaluation of body armor performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Copolymer
Polymer with two or more types of monomers, varying in arrangement and properties.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Cordura
Durable nylon fabric used in body armor carriers and plate wraps.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Corundum
Natural form of alumina, used widely in industry and armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Cost-reimbursement Contract
A type of contract where the government reimburses the contractor for allowable costs incurred in performing the contract, up to a specified limit.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Coupon
Small armor sample for ballistic testing, used in R&D.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
Covert Armor
Armor designed to be worn discreetly under clothing, providing protection while remaining inconspicuous, suitable for various professions requiring unobtrusive ballistic protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Covert Armour
This is armor which is worn under normal clothing or normal clothing which has been modified to carry the soft armor material.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Crack Propagation
The spread of cracks in a material under stress, a critical factor in the failure of ceramics and brittle materials during impacts.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Creep
The slow, permanent deformation of a material under constant stress over time, relevant for polymer-based armor in long-term applications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Critical Strike Zone
The specific area of armor panels or plates most likely to encounter impacts, often prioritized for maximum material integrity.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Crush Depth Testing
Evaluation of armor materials under extreme pressure conditions, particularly relevant for maritime or underwater operations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
Cummerbund
Originating from formal attire, in ballistic armor, a cummerbund refers to a lateral support mechanism attached to plate carriers. It helps stabilize the carrier on the wearer and provides additional mounting space for equipment via MOLLE webbing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Customizable MOLLE Configurations
Innovations in modular attachment systems on armor carriers, enabling tailored loadouts for specific operational requirements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Customizable Plate Shapes
Advances in manufacturing armor plates tailored to specific anatomical needs, including plates for non-standard body types or unique tactical requirements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Customs Bond
A financial guarantee that importers will comply with customs regulations and pay duties, taxes, and fees associated with imported goods.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Customs Broker
A licensed professional or company that facilitates the import and export of goods by handling customs documentation, duties, and compliance issues.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
D
D-value Equation
Formula estimating ceramic material's ballistic merit based on mechanical properties.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Data Rights
The government's rights to use, modify, reproduce, or disclose data produced or used during contract performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Date of Manufacture
The date an armor item was produced, from which its warranty and service-life clock runs. Required on the label under current standards.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
DEA Body Armor Test Protocol 2019
Established by the Drug Enforcement Administration, this protocol outlines specific criteria for testing the ballistic resistance of body armor. The 2019 update introduces revised standards and testing methods to reflect the evolving nature of threats faced by DEA agents, emphasizing the need for high levels of protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: U.S. federal agency ↗
DEA Rated
Armor meeting US Drug Enforcement Administration's ballistic specifications, stringent for soft armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: U.S. federal agency ↗
Debriefing
A meeting held after a contract award to explain the evaluation process and why a bid was accepted or rejected, often requested by unsuccessful bidders.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Declared Model
The exact model designation a manufacturer submits for compliance, which must match the Compliant Products List and the product label letter for letter.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ CTP / CPL ↗
Declared Threat
The specific threat level and rounds a manufacturer states an armor model is designed and tested to defeat.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Declared Value
The value of goods declared by the exporter for customs purposes, used to determine duties, taxes, and insurance costs.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement
DFARS
A set of regulations supplementing the FAR, specific to Department of Defense procurements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Deflection Angle
The angle at which an incoming projectile is redirected upon striking an armor surface, enhancing survivability by reducing direct energy transfer.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Degree of Polymerization
Measure of repeat units in a polymer molecule, relevant for ballistic fibers.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Deliverables
The tangible or intangible products, services, or outcomes a contractor must provide under the terms of a contract.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Denier
A unit of measurement for the linear mass density of fibers, indicating the thickness and weight of yarn used in ballistic fabrics. Lower denier fibers are finer, while higher denier fibers are thicker and potentially more durable.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Depleted Uranium
DU
Dense uranium alloy with reduced 235U, used for high-density projectiles with self-sharpening and pyrophoric properties.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Depth Gauge
A calibrated tool used to measure the depth of the backface deformation left in the backing clay after a ballistic hit.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Depth of Penetration Test
Evaluates ceramic materials by comparing penetration depths of a projectile into a semi-infinite block with and without ceramic tile.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Destination Control Statement
DCS
A U.S. export control requirement for certain goods, indicating that they must not be diverted to unauthorized destinations or end-users.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: EAR, 15 CFR 730-774 ↗
Digital Twin Testing
The use of digital replicas of armor systems to model and analyze performance under various conditions, reducing the need for physical testing.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Doping
Adding impurities to ceramics to enhance stability and performance, like silicon in boron carbide.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Doron
Early fiber composite armor of compressed fiberglass and polyester resin, obsolete with Kevlar introduction.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Drag Handle
A crucial safety feature on plate carriers, located on the back plate pocket, allowing for the rapid evacuation of an injured wearer from dangerous situations. Drag handles vary in design but are universally intended for use in emergency extractions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Drag Strap
A feature of plate carriers allowing rescuers to pull injured personnel to safety while maintaining ballistic protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Drop Test
Assesses ceramic armor plate durability by dropping it onto a hard surface.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Dual-hardness Steel
Composite steel with a hard martensitic layer bonded to a tough, low-carbon steel back, complex to manufacture.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Dual-phase Steel
Alloy with martensite and ferritic iron, offering ductility and strength for armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Dual-use Goods
Products or technologies that have both civilian and military applications, subject to specific export control regulations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: EAR, 15 CFR 730-774 ↗
Ductile Fracture
Material failure characterized by extensive plastic deformation before breaking, observed in metals like steel.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Ductile Fracture Analysis
The study of failure mechanisms in metals under ballistic stress, focusing on material stretching and deformation before breaking.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Ductile Perforation
Penetration mechanism where the projectile displaces target material without shattering it.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Duty Vest
A type of body armor integrated with equipment pouches, designed for law enforcement officers performing daily duties.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Dwell
Delay in ceramic armor penetration as a projectile momentarily stops before breaking through.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Dynamic Hardness
The variation in a material's hardness under rapid strain, such as during ballistic impacts, critical for material selection.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Dynamic Small Business Search
DSBS
A database maintained by the SBA for finding small businesses eligible for federal contracts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
DYNEEMA®
A brand of high modulus polyethylene (HMPE) fiber known for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, used in ballistic fabrics and composites for protective gear.
Read: Aramid vs Polyethylene: The Two Fibers Behind Soft Armor →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
E
E-glass
Alumino-borosilicate fiberglass used in older armor systems, now largely replaced by stronger materials.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
EAR
EXPORT ADMINISTRATION REGULATIONS
U.S. regulations governing the export and re-export of certain goods, technologies, and software for national security and foreign policy reasons.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: EAR, 15 CFR 730-774 ↗
Ech
Enhanced Combat Helmet made from strong UHMWPE, offering superior protection but similar to ACH/MICH.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Economic Price Adjustment
EPA
A contract clause allowing for adjustments in pricing based on changes in market conditions or other specified factors.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Edge Defeat Mechanism
Design strategies to counteract vulnerabilities at the edges of armor plates, a common failure point under angled strikes.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Edge Shot
A ballistic impact placed near the edge of a panel or plate to probe the more vulnerable perimeter, governed by shot-to-edge distance rules.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Edge Strike
Occurs when a projectile impacts the very edge of a plate. Certain materials, like polyethylene (PE) and ceramics, may fail to stop an edge strike due to the abrupt end of material strength and structural integrity at the plate's edge, leading to potential penetration.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Efp
Explosively formed penetrator, a high-velocity projectile formed by explosive forces, effective against armored vehicles.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Egress System
A quick-release mechanism built into body armor carriers, enabling rapid removal in emergency situations such as medical treatment or evacuation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Elastic Modulus
A measure of a material's stiffness, representing the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic deformation region.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Electromagnetic Pulse Shielding
Incorporating materials into armor systems to protect against electromagnetic pulses (EMP), particularly in military and critical infrastructure applications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Element Materials Technology Wichita (WICHITA, KS, US), Lab Code 2008180
Offers comprehensive testing services for a wide range of materials and products, including body armor, to verify their performance and safety.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIST NVLAP, HB 150 ↗
EMS Ballistic Gear
Protective equipment, including body armor and helmets, specifically designed for emergency medical services personnel responding in high-risk areas.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Encapsulation
The process of sealing armor components to protect them from environmental factors like moisture and UV exposure, extending durability and performance.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
End-of-life Testing
Procedures for assessing when body armor has reached the end of its serviceable lifespan, ensuring worn or degraded armor is retired and replaced.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Energetic Test Labs Llc (PHOENIX, AZ, US), Lab Code 600369-0
Focuses on testing the durability and ballistic resistance of protective gear, providing critical data on their effectiveness in hostile environments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIST NVLAP, HB 150 ↗
Energy Absorption
The capacity of a material to absorb impact energy, dissipating it as heat or deformation to prevent penetration.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Enhanced Obliquity Tolerance
Armor designed to maintain performance against high-angle impacts, critical in real-world engagements where projectiles rarely hit perpendicularly.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Environmental Armor Conditioning
Processes for exposing armor to extreme weather, UV light, and moisture to simulate long-term wear and test durability.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
EP
ENHANCED PENETRATOR
Often confused with AP ammunition, EP rounds like the 5.56x45mm M855 "Green Tip" feature a core not intended for armor penetration but for overcoming barriers like glass or thin metal. Despite their design, EP rounds may not always perform well against advanced ballistic armor due to their specific construction and intended purpose.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Epoxy
Resin used in composite materials for its strength and adhesion, less flexible than polyurethane.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Epp
Expanded polypropylene foam used in helmet pads for impact absorption.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Eps
Expanded polystyrene foam used in armor padding, similar to EPP but related to Styrofoam.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
ESAPI
Enhanced Small Arms Protective Insert, thicker and heavier than SAPI but offering higher protection levels.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Esbi
Enhanced Side Ballistic Insert: a U.S. military hard plate protecting the side of the torso against defined rifle threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
EX Works
EXW
An international trade term where the seller makes goods available at their premises, and the buyer is responsible for all transportation and customs costs from that point onward.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Exoskeleton
Load-distribution or powered strength-enhancing system, not widely used due to battery limitations.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) Suit
Specialized protective gear designed to protect personnel handling explosives, incorporating ballistic-resistant materials to guard against fragments and blast pressure.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
Explosive Reactive Armor
ERA
Armor designed to counter shaped charges, consists of steel plates with explosives in between.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Export Compliance Program
ECP
A set of policies and procedures established by a company to ensure compliance with export control laws and regulations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: EAR, 15 CFR 730-774 ↗
Export License
A government-issued authorization required for exporting certain restricted goods, such as ballistic armor, to specific countries or end-users.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: EAR, 15 CFR 730-774 ↗
External Carrier Adjustment Systems
Innovative designs allowing users to adjust armor fit and coverage without removing the carrier, improving operational efficiency.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
F
Fair Hit
In the context of testing body armor, a projectile impact that fulfills all specified conditions of the test method, such as location on the target, velocity, and angle.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Fatigue Resistance
A material's ability to withstand cyclic loading without failure, relevant for armor components subjected to repeated impacts.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
FBI
The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: U.S. federal agency ↗
FBI
FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION
The United States' principal federal law enforcement agency, which also conducts research and sets standards for law enforcement equipment, including ballistic protection gear.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: U.S. federal agency ↗
FBI Body Armor Test Protocol 4.1
The FBI developed a testing methodology to evaluate body armor performance under conditions simulating real-world use. This protocol examines the armor's resistance to various ammunition types, ensuring law enforcement officers are adequately protected.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: U.S. federal agency ↗
Federal Acquisition Regulation
FAR
The primary set of rules governing federal procurement processes, applicable to all executive agencies.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Female Armor
Body armor shaped to fit the female torso, using contoured or darted panels. NIJ 0101.07 added specific test methods for non-planar female armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Fiber
Long, thin material, natural or synthetic, used in ballistic fabrics and composites for strength.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Fiber Breakage
Main penetration mechanism in fiber composites, where impact exceeds fiber's failure strain.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Fiber Composite
Material reinforced with fibers in a polymer matrix, used in most modern armor applications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Fiber Fragmentation Energy
The energy required to break fibers within a composite, a key metric for evaluating soft armor performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Fiber Orientation
The alignment of fibers in a composite material, which significantly impacts its mechanical properties and ballistic performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Fiber Weaving Techniques
Innovations in weaving high-performance fibers like aramids and UHMWPE to improve strength, durability, and multi-hit performance.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Fiber Yield Strength
A material property measuring the maximum stress fibers can withstand before permanent deformation, critical in selecting materials for ballistic fabrics.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Fiberglass
Glass fiber and composite, used in older armor systems and vehicle spall liners.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Filler
Inert substance added to polymers to modify properties, like stiffness and strength.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Fire-resistant Ballistic Gear
Ballistic-resistant gear treated with flame-retardant materials, providing dual protection against fire and ballistic threats for firefighters or tactical teams.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Firm-fixed-price (FFP) Contract
A contract type where the contractor agrees to deliver goods or services at a set price, regardless of actual costs incurred.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
First Article Test
A qualification test of initial production armor to confirm it meets the specification before full production is accepted.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
Flex Test
A conditioning or durability test that repeatedly bends soft armor to assess whether flexing degrades its ballistic performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
FMJ
Full metal Jacket
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
FMJ
FULL METAL JACKET
A type of ammunition where the bullet is encased in a harder metal shell, reducing deformation upon impact and increasing penetration capability.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Foam
Cellular material used in armor for padding, with variations like open-cell (absorbent) and closed-cell (water-resistant).
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Fob
FREE ON BOARD
A trade term indicating that the seller delivers goods to the port of shipment, and the buyer assumes responsibility for shipping and customs clearance from that point onward.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Follow-up Inspection and Testing
The NIJ program activity (FIT) that re-inspects and re-tests listed armor models after listing to confirm continued compliance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ CTP / CPL ↗
Foreign Trade Zone
FTZ
Designated areas within a country where goods can be imported, stored, and processed without being subject to import duties until they enter the domestic market.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Fps
FEET PER SECOND
A measurement unit for velocity, particularly relevant in the context of ballistics, indicating the speed at which a projectile travels. Understanding FPS is crucial for assessing ammunition performance and armor penetration capabilities.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Fracture Conoid
Inverted cone of broken material formed upon high-speed projectile impact on ceramic armor, dispersing kinetic energy.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Fragment Catcher
An additional layer designed to trap spall or fragmentation from projectiles, minimizing secondary injuries.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Fragment Simulating Projectile
A standardized metal fragment of defined shape and mass (per STANAG 2920 / MIL-STD-662) used to test armor against shrapnel, reported as a V50.
Read: V50 and Ballistic Limit: Measuring Armor, Not Just Rating It →PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Fragmentation
Small, high-velocity fragments from an explosion or munition. A primary threat for helmets and blankets, protection is typically expressed as a V50 against fragment simulating projectiles.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Fragmentation
FRAG
Fragmentation is the breakup of a larger object into smaller, high-velocity particles caused by either high-speed impact with a hard surface or an internal explosive charge. It presents significant secondary injury risks in ballistic scenarios.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Fragmentation Analysis Software
Tools used to model and predict fragmentation patterns from explosive devices, aiding in the design of protective armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Fragmenting Munition
Weapon dispersing high-velocity metal fragments upon explosion, often stopped by armor due to low sectional density.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Fragments
Metal pieces propelled by explosions or impacts, variable in size and shape.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Front Panel
The armor panel or plate covering the front of the torso, protecting the chest and vital organs.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
FSP
Fragment Simulating Projectile: a standardized metal fragment of defined shape and mass used to test armor against shrapnel, usually reported as a V50.
Read: V50 and Ballistic Limit: Measuring Armor, Not Just Rating It →PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
FSP
FRAGMENT SIMULATING PROJECTILE
Standardized steel projectile for armor testing against fragmentation threats.
Read: V50 and Ballistic Limit: Measuring Armor, Not Just Rating It →PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Full Cut
A hard plate shape with only lightly clipped upper corners, maximizing coverage at the cost of some shoulder and arm mobility. Also called SAPI cut.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Functionally Graded Material
FGM
A material with gradual variations in composition and properties, designed to optimize performance under ballistic and thermal loads.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
G
GA141 Armor Standard
CHINA
Focuses on police armor, detailing the protective capabilities required to defend against specific ballistic threats common in China.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
General Services Administration
GSA
A federal agency managing government procurement, including the GSA Schedule for pre-negotiated contracts with vendors.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Gilding Metal
Brass alloy used in bullet jackets for softness and ductility, facilitating gas-seal and rifling engraving.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Glancing Strike
Another term for an angle strike, highlighting the scenario where a projectile impacts armor at an angle other than perpendicular, which can increase the chance of the projectile being deflected or its effective penetration depth reduced due to the increased material thickness it encounters at an angle.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Glass Ceramic
Partially crystallized glass with good hardness and low density, used in some armor systems for transparency and ballistic protection.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Glass Transition Temperature
TG
The temperature at which a polymer transitions from a brittle state to a flexible state, important for polymer-based armor systems.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Global Body Armor Standards Comparison
Analysis of differences between NIJ, HOSDB, VPAM, and GOST standards, offering insights into design and testing variations across international markets.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
Gold Flex
A brand of non-woven aramid ballistic laminate used in soft armor and backing layers, known for flexibility and low weight.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Goniometer
An instrument that sets and measures the angle of a projectile’s impact (obliquity) during angled ballistic testing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
GOST Armor Standard
RUSSIA
Applies to protective gear designed to safeguard against cold weapons, firearms, and shrapnel, outlining the criteria for effective body armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: GOST R 50744 (RU) ↗
Gradient Armor
A multilayered armor system with progressively harder or softer layers to optimize energy absorption and projectile defeat.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Gradient Heat Shielding
Multi-layered materials integrated into armor systems to provide varying levels of thermal protection in high-temperature environments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Grains
A unit of weight measurement used for bullets and propellant, crucial for understanding ammunition specifics. One grain is equal to 1/7000th of a pound or approximately 0.065 grams, and bullet weights are often expressed in grains to denote their mass.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Graphene
Single-layer carbon sheet with potential for reinforcement in materials, current applications limited.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Graphene Composites
Advanced composites that incorporate graphene, known for its lightweight and high-strength properties, providing potential for thinner, more effective ballistic protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
GSA Schedule
A government-wide contract vehicle allowing federal agencies to procure goods and services from pre-approved vendors at pre-negotiated prices.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Gsm
Grams per Square Meter: a measure of the areal weight of a ballistic fabric layer; lower GSM at a given performance means lighter armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
H
Hard Armor
Protective gear made from rigid materials, including ceramics, metals, composites, aramids, or a combination of those materials designed to offer heightened protection against higher-level threats like rifle bullets, stabs, and explosive fragments.
Read: Soft Armor vs Hard Armor: What Each One Is For →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Hard Body Armour
Armour which is solid and not flexible. Generally it incorporates steel or ceramics as part of a composite but can be made from treated fiber as well.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Hardness
The resistance of a material to deformation or penetration, commonly measured using scales such as Vickers, Rockwell, or Mohs.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Harmonized System (HS) Code
A standardized numerical classification system used to identify goods in international trade and determine applicable tariffs and regulations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Helmet Ballistic Certification
Testing and certification process ensuring a helmet meets specific standards for ballistic resistance, such as NIJ or VPAM.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
Helmet-mounted Display Systems
HMDS
Ballistic helmets integrated with augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), or heads-up display (HUD) systems, enhancing situational awareness and tactical decision-making.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Heracron
Aramid fiber and composite material brand by Kolon Industries, similar to Kevlar.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
HG1
The lower handgun protection tier under NIJ 0101.07, defined against specified 9mm and .44 Magnum threats at set velocities. Handled by soft armor. Broadly corresponds to legacy Level II.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
HG2
The higher handgun protection tier under NIJ 0101.07, defined against higher-velocity 9mm and .44 Magnum threats. Handled by soft armor. Broadly corresponds to legacy Level IIIA.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
High Entropy Alloy
Complex metal alloy without a base metal, offering unique properties for potential armor applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
High Entropy Alloys
HEAS
Metal alloys containing multiple principal elements, offering unique combinations of hardness, strength, and ductility for armor applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
High-frequency Welding
A manufacturing process for bonding armor carrier fabrics with heat and pressure, ensuring waterproofing and durability.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
High-impact Ceramic Surface Coatings
Advanced coatings applied to ceramic plates to improve durability and multi-hit resistance by reducing surface cracking upon impact.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
High-threat Vest
Body armor designed for situations involving active shooters or high-powered rifle threats, often featuring rifle-rated plates.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Home Office Standard
A UK body armour standard published by the Home Office (via CAST/PSDB), covering ballistic, knife, and spike threats for UK policing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: HOSDB / CAST (UK) ↗
Hook and Loop
The touch-fastener system (commonly Velcro) used to close carriers, attach placards, and secure cummerbunds. A closure method, not a protective element.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
HOSDB
UK standards body for police body armor, similar to US NIJ
Read: UK Body Armor Standards: HOSDB and CAST →PRIMARY SOURCESource: HOSDB / CAST (UK) ↗
HOSDB KR1
A UK Home Office knife-resistance (KR) protection level for body armour, defined by a specified strike energy.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: HOSDB / CAST (UK) ↗
HOSDB SP1
A UK Home Office spike-resistance (SP) protection level for body armour, defined by a specified strike energy.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: HOSDB / CAST (UK) ↗
HP White 41-1B Helmet Testing Procedure
A detailed procedure for assessing the ballistic and impact protection offered by helmets. Developed by HP White Laboratory, a leading authority in ballistic and impact testing, this procedure ensures that helmets meet rigorous safety standards, providing essential head protection for military and law enforcement personnel.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Hppe
High Performance Polyethylene
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Hppe
HIGH PERFORMANCE POLYETHYLENE
A category of polyethylene fiber known for its high strength and used in the construction of ballistic fabrics and composites.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Hybrid Armor Design
Combining different types of armor (e.g., hard and soft) into a single system to provide broad-spectrum protection against multiple threat types.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Hybrid Composite
Armor materials combining multiple layers of different fibers, ceramics, or polymers to enhance multi-threat resistance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Hydrophilic Coatings
Specialized treatments applied to armor materials to resist water absorption, ensuring consistent performance in wet conditions.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Hydrostatic Shock
The physiological effect of a projectile transferring energy to surrounding tissue, which can cause significant internal damage beyond the immediate impact site.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
I
I.C.W.
IN CONJUNCTION WITH
Refers to armor systems that require combination with other armor types to achieve the desired level of threat resistance, typically involving a hard plate backed by soft armor to capture spalling and enhance ballistic protection.
Read: Soft Armor vs Hard Armor: What Each One Is For →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
ICW
In Conjunction With: a hard plate rated to meet its protection level only when worn over a specified soft armor backer, rather than on its own.
Read: Soft Armor vs Hard Armor: What Each One Is For →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Impact Blunt Trauma Liner
An internal layer in helmets or armor designed to absorb and dissipate impact forces, reducing injury risk.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Impact Energy Dispersion
The process by which a material spreads the kinetic energy of an impact over a larger area, reducing localized damage.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Impact Residual Stress Analysis
Techniques to evaluate stress remaining in armor materials after ballistic impacts, ensuring continued structural integrity.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Impact Velocity Threshold
The minimum velocity at which a projectile begins to cause measurable damage to armor, important for designing protective systems.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
IMPEDANCE, Acoustic Impedance
A material's property affecting how pressure waves travel through it, significant in armor design for energy transfer and minimizing damage.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Improved Obliquity Deflection
Armor design enhancements to better deflect projectiles impacting at oblique angles, increasing survivability in real-world scenarios.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
IN Conjunction with
See ICW. A plate whose rated performance depends on being backed by a specified soft armor panel.
Read: Soft Armor vs Hard Armor: What Each One Is For →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
IN Conjunction with Armor
Armor designed to achieve its specified level of protection only when used together with another specified armor type, typically involving a combination of soft and hard armor components.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
INCOTERMS®
INTERNATIONAL COMMERCIAL TERMS
A set of standardized terms published by the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) that define responsibilities between buyers and sellers in international transactions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Indefinite DELIVERY, Indefinite Quantity
IDIQ
A contract type allowing for an unspecified quantity of goods or services over a specified period, with deliveries or tasks determined as needed.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Independent Government Cost Estimate
IGCE
An estimate prepared by the government to determine the fair and reasonable cost of a procurement, used as a benchmark during evaluation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Insert
A removable protective material, either soft or hard armor, intended for placement in a carrier's pocket to enhance localized protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Integral Armor
Armor that is part of a vehicle's structure, providing both load-bearing and protective functions, usually metallic due to limitations of ceramics and fiber composites.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Integrated Carrier Systems
Armor carriers with built-in systems for hydration packs, MOLLE pouches, and other modular attachments, enhancing functionality for military and law enforcement users.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Integrated Cooling Systems
Built-in systems in body armor to manage body temperature during extended use in high-stress or warm environments, improving wearer comfort and performance.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Integrated Electronics in Body Armor
Systems that incorporate sensors, GPS, and communication devices into body armor for enhanced situational awareness and operational efficiency.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Interface
The boundary between different materials or layers in armor systems, crucial for performance, especially in layered composite and ceramic armors.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Interface Adhesion
The bond strength between layers in a composite armor system, critical for maintaining structural integrity under ballistic impact.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Interface Defeat
Stopping a projectile at the surface of a ceramic tile, typically achieved with thick ceramics under compression or complex systems configurations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Interface Stress Relievers
Features built into layered composites to reduce stress concentration at material interfaces during impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Interfacial Adhesion
The bond strength between layers in a composite material, critical for maintaining integrity under ballistic impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Interlocking Ceramic Tiles
Armor design featuring overlapping ceramic tiles to improve coverage, multi-hit performance, and resistance to cracking.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Intermetallic
Ceramic-like compounds from two metals, offering unique properties for niche applications and sometimes strengthening metal alloys.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
International Traffic in Arms Regulations
ITAR
U.S. regulations controlling the export and import of defense-related articles, including body armor and ballistic-resistant products, to ensure national security and foreign policy compliance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Invitation for Bid
IFB
A formal solicitation used in sealed bidding, where the contract is awarded based solely on price and responsiveness to specifications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
IOTV
IMPROVED OUTER TACTICAL VEST
US military body armor system replacing the IBA, noted for slightly reduced bulk and increased modularity.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Iso/fdis 14876-2
International standard proposing performance requirements and test methods for body armor, emphasizing resistance to rifled weapons and shotgun impacts in repetitive testing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ISO / IEC ↗
Isotropy
The property of having uniform mechanical behavior in all directions, unlike anisotropic materials.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
ITAR Compliance
Regulatory compliance ensuring the export and transfer of ballistic-resistant materials and technologies adhere to International Traffic in Arms Regulations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ITAR, 22 CFR 120-130 ↗
Item Classification Number
ICN
A unique code assigned to goods to classify them for customs and export control purposes, often associated with the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS).
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
J
Jacket
Metal layer encasing a bullet's core to prevent barrel fouling and ensure a tight gas seal, usually made of gilding metal or other soft alloys.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
JHP
Jacketed Hollow Point
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
JHP
JACKETED HOLLOW POINT
A type of bullet designed to expand upon impact, maximizing energy transfer and stopping power against soft targets while reducing the risk of over-penetration.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Jsp
Jacketed Soft Point
PRIMARY SOURCESource: HOSDB / CAST (UK) ↗
Jsp
JACKETED SOFT POINT
Bullets that combine features of FMJ and JHP designs, with a partially exposed lead core at the tip to facilitate controlled expansion upon impact. JSP rounds are often used in hunting due to their ability to offer both penetration and expansion, making them effective for taking down game while minimizing the risk of over-penetration and collateral damage.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: HOSDB / CAST (UK) ↗
K
K9 Ballistic Vest
Body armor specifically designed to protect law enforcement dogs from gunfire, stabbing, and blunt force trauma.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Kangaroo Pouch
An internal pocket on a plate carrier or cummerbund that holds a soft armor insert or placard, letting one carrier switch between concealable and loaded setups.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Kevlar KM2+®
An advanced aramid fiber used in military helmets and body armor, offering improved protection against high-velocity rifle rounds.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Kevlar XP®
A variant of aramid fiber designed for improved ballistic performance and reduced backface deformation compared to standard Kevlar®.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
KEVLAR®
A trademarked brand of aramid fiber developed by DuPont, renowned for its high tensile strength and thermal stability, widely used in ballistic protection applications.
Read: Aramid vs Polyethylene: The Two Fibers Behind Soft Armor →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Kinetic Energy Dissipation Profile
A detailed analysis of how kinetic energy from an impact spreads through armor layers, informing design improvements.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Kit
Informal term used to describe a complete set of tactical gear, including a plate carrier, armor plates, and attached pouches and accessories, prepared for immediate use in field or combat situations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Knife Resistance
Protection against edged-blade attack, tested and rated separately from ballistic and spike protection (e.g. UK HOSDB KR levels, NIJ 0115).
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Kraton
Brand of polystyrene-elastomer copolymers used in manufacturing UHMWPE composites for armor applications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
L
Laminate Delamination Testing
A process for evaluating the separation of bonded layers in laminated armor under stress, ensuring structural integrity during ballistic impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Laser Ablation Testing
A method of analyzing material resistance by exposing surfaces to focused laser beams, simulating thermal and impact conditions.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Layer Delamination
The separation of bonded layers in a composite material under stress, which can reduce the effectiveness of ballistic armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Layered Energy Redirection
The use of material layers to channel and disperse energy laterally, minimizing backface deformation and blunt trauma.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Lead
Heavy, soft metal historically used in ammunition, facing phased replacement due to environmental and health concerns.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Letter of Credit
LC
A financial instrument issued by a bank guaranteeing payment to the seller upon the presentation of specified documents, commonly used in international trade to reduce risks for both parties.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Level I-iv
NIJ armor ratings, each defining a specific level of ballistic protection, with higher numbers indicating the ability to stop more powerful projectiles.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Level II
A legacy NIJ 0101.06 handgun protection level defined against 9mm and .357 Magnum threats. Corresponds broadly to HG1 under NIJ 0101.07.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Level IIA
A legacy NIJ 0101.06 handgun protection level, the lowest common soft-armor tier, defined against lower-velocity 9mm and .40 S&W. Eliminated under NIJ 0101.07.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Level III
A legacy NIJ 0101.06 rifle protection level defined against 7.62mm NATO (M80) ball. A hard-armor tier; corresponds broadly to RF1 under NIJ 0101.07.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Level IIIA
A legacy NIJ 0101.06 handgun protection level defined against high-velocity 9mm and .44 Magnum. The top soft-armor tier; corresponds broadly to HG2 under NIJ 0101.07.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Level IV
A legacy NIJ 0101.06 rifle protection level defined against a single hit of .30-06 M2 armor-piercing. The top hard-armor tier; corresponds broadly to RF3 under NIJ 0101.07.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Liba
LIGHTWEIGHT IMPROVED BALLISTIC ARMOR
High-performance pellet armor offering exceptional protection, noted for military evaluation but limited commercial development.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
License Exception
A provision under export control regulations allowing certain goods to be exported without an export license under specific conditions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: EAR, 15 CFR 730-774 ↗
Lightweight Armor Alloys
Development of new metallic alloys that provide high strength-to-weight ratios for use in body and vehicular armor applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Limit Velocity
The velocity that statistically separates penetration from non-penetration for a given projectile and armor, closely related to the V50 ballistic limit.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Liquid Armor
An emerging technology using shear-thickening fluids that harden upon impact, enhancing flexibility and protection.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Liquid Crystal Polymer
Class of polymers forming ordered structures in liquid or solution, used in high-performance fibers for armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Liquid Metal Armor
An experimental technology exploring the use of liquid alloys that solidify upon impact to provide dynamic ballistic protection.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Load Distribution System
Technology in military gear that reallocates weight to reduce strain, incorporating features like hip belts connected to armor carriers.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Load-bearing Equipment
LBE
Systems integrated into armor carriers to enhance functionality, including MOLLE webbing for pouches, hydration systems, and modular attachments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Long Rod
High-velocity, dart-shaped projectiles used in military tank ammunition, effective against armored targets due to high penetration capability.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Lot Acceptance Test
Testing of samples drawn from a production lot to decide whether the whole lot is accepted, a core traceability and quality control step.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ BA 9000 ↗
Lot Number
An identifier tying an armor item to a specific production batch, enabling traceability, recall response, and lot-based test certification.
Read: Lot Numbers and Serials: The Backbone of Traceability →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ BA 9000 ↗
Lot Testing Certification
Certification issued after random testing of a production lot to ensure consistent quality and performance of body armor products.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ BA 9000 ↗
Lrhv
Long Rifle High Velocity
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Lrhv
LONG RIFLE HIGH VELOCITY
A classification of ammunition indicating high-velocity rounds designed for long rifles, which pose significant penetration challenges for body armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Lrn
Lead Round Nose
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Lrn
LEAD ROUND NOSE
A bullet design featuring a smooth, rounded nose made entirely of lead. This design is favored for its ease of feeding in firearms and its impact behavior, which includes moderate penetration and energy transfer. LRN bullets are commonly used in target shooting and some types of hunting.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
M
Magnesium Armor
Lightweight armor material investigated for aerospace and vehicle applications, facing challenges due to cost and corrosion susceptibility.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Magnetic Particle Inspection
A non-destructive testing technique used to detect cracks or defects in armor plates and materials, ensuring reliability and safety.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Mandrel
A shaped form used to mold or support curved hard plates during manufacture or to define plate curvature.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Market Research
The process of gathering and analyzing information about the capabilities of available contractors, pricing, and other factors to inform procurement decisions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Marking and Labeling Requirements
Mandatory information that must appear on packaging or products to comply with import regulations, including country of origin, weight, and safety certifications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Martensite
A hard, brittle microstructure in steel formed by rapid cooling, used to enhance the hardness of armor plates.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Material Hardness Scaling
A grading system to measure and compare the hardness of various armor materials like ceramics, metals, and polymers.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Matrix Phase
Continuous phase in a composite material, surrounding and supporting the dispersed phase, essential for the material's overall properties.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Melting
Penetration mechanism in low-melting point materials like UHMWPE, where heat from projectile impact causes the target material to melt and fail.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Meta-materials
Artificially engineered materials with unique properties not found in nature, offering potential for advanced ballistic protection through innovative designs and performance.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Metal Matrix Composite
MMC
Metal reinforced with ceramic particles to improve properties like hardness and thermal stability, with applications in niche armor systems.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Mich
MODULAR INTEGRATED COMMUNICATIONS HELMET
Combat helmet designed for US Special Forces, setting the standard for modern military helmets with features like padding and ballistic protection against specific threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Micro-purchase Threshold
A dollar limit under which government purchases can be made without competitive bidding, typically set at $10,000 for most agencies.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Microstructure
The arrangement and characteristics of grains, phases, and inclusions in metals and ceramics, observable under magnification, influencing material properties.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
MIL-DTL-32332
Details specifications for ultra-high-hardness armor plate steel, aiming to ensure that materials used in armor plating offer superior protection against ballistic threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
MIL-DTL-44050B
Specifies the requirements for aramid cloth used in ballistic applications, ensuring that materials meet rigorous standards for durability and protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
MIL-DTL-46100E
Provides the specifications for high-hardness armor plate steel, emphasizing the importance of material strength in protective applications against ballistic impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
Mil-prf Standards
Military specifications for performance and quality in protective equipment, such as optical clarity in transparent armor, ensuring compatibility with military requirements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
MIL-STD-3027
The U.S. Department of Defense standard defining requirements for hard body armor plate inserts (e.g. ESAPI/XSAPI).
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
MIL-STD-662F
Sets the criteria for the V50 ballistic test for armor, determining the velocity at which a projectile is expected to penetrate armor 50% of the time, critical for evaluating protective gear effectiveness.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
MIL-STD-810
The U.S. Department of Defense standard for environmental engineering test methods, used to qualify armor against temperature, humidity, vibration, and shock.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
MIL-STD-810G
Outlines the environmental engineering considerations and laboratory tests for military equipment, ensuring gear is capable of withstanding various environmental stresses.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
Mild Steel
Common, low-cost steel with low carbon content, characterized by softness and ductility, used in various applications including bullet cores due to its affordability.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Model Number
The manufacturer’s specific designation for an armor model, which must match the Compliant Products List entry exactly for a compliance claim to be verifiable.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Modular Hard Plate Inserts
Interchangeable hard armor plates that can be added or removed from carriers to adapt to specific mission requirements or threat levels.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Modular Plate Carrier System
A customizable carrier system that accommodates different armor plates and accessories for varied threat environments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Modular Plate Systems
Armor systems designed with interchangeable plates for customizable protection levels based on threat environments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Modulus
A measure of a material's elasticity, representing the ratio of stress to strain in a material. In the context of ballistic fibers, a higher modulus indicates a stiffer fiber, which is less prone to stretching under load, enhancing the material's ballistic resistance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
MOLLE
Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment: a standardized grid of webbing rows on carriers and vests that lets pouches and accessories attach in configurable positions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
MOLLE
MODULAR LIGHTWEIGHT LOAD-CARRYING EQUIPMENT
A standardized webbing system integrated into tactical vests and plate carriers, allowing for the attachment of various pouches and accessories, facilitating customizable loadouts and equipment configurations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Monolithic
Describes a ceramic composite armor's strike face made from a single, large ceramic tile, as opposed to being composed of multiple smaller tiles.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Mosaic
Ceramic composite armor with a strike face composed of numerous small ceramic tiles arranged in a pattern, potentially improving multi-hit resistance at the cost of single-shot performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
MSC
Mild steel core.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
MSC
MILD STEEL CORE
A type of bullet featuring a core made of mild steel, which provides increased penetration capabilities over standard lead-core bullets. MSC bullets are often used in military applications where enhanced penetration of light barriers or vehicle bodywork is desired.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Multi-curve
Describes hard armor plates designed with curves in multiple directions to better fit the human body, enhancing comfort and wearability.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Multi-hit
Describes an armor plate's capability to withstand impacts from multiple projectiles. While many modern plates are designed to handle several hits, exact performance can vary significantly depending on numerous factors including caliber, velocity, and point of impact.
Read: Multi-Hit Performance: Why One Stop Is Not Enough →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Multi-hit Capability
The ability of ballistic-resistant gear to withstand multiple projectile impacts without failure.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Multi-hit Certification
A certification indicating that an armor panel can withstand multiple projectile impacts without failure, crucial for real-world combat scenarios.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Multi-hit Shield Designs
Advanced ballistic shields capable of withstanding multiple high-velocity impacts without compromising structural integrity, critical for prolonged engagements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Multi-modal Threat Simulation
Advanced simulations that combine multiple threat types, such as ballistic, stab, and blast impacts, for comprehensive armor testing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Multi-threat Testing
Advanced testing protocols evaluating body armor against combined threats, including ballistic, stab, spike, and blunt force impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Multiple Award Schedule
MAS
A GSA program offering a variety of goods and services through pre-approved vendors, streamlining the procurement process for federal agencies.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Multiple Strikes
Refers to an armor's ability to withstand impacts from more than one projectile. This capability is crucial for real-world scenarios where wearers may face multiple threats successively.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Mushrooming
The process by which a bullet deforms upon impact to increase its diameter, reducing penetration depth but increasing the transfer of kinetic energy to the target. This term also describes the characteristic shape of back face deformation on armor after stopping a bullet.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
N
Nano-reinforced Polymer
Advanced composites infused with nanoparticles to enhance mechanical properties like strength, toughness, and thermal stability for ballistic applications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Nano-reinforced Polymers
Polymers enhanced with nanoparticles to improve strength, stiffness, and thermal stability for ballistic applications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Nano-structured Ceramics
Ceramics with nanometer-sized grains that improve toughness, resistance to cracking, and multi-hit capabilities in ballistic armor applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Nanocrystalline
Materials with grains or crystals smaller than 100 nanometers, offering improved strength and hardness due to the Hall–Petch relationship.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Nata
The National Association of Testing Authorities® Australia.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
Nata
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF TESTING AUTHORITIES, AUSTRALIA
An organization responsible for ensuring the quality and reliability of scientific and technical testing services in Australia, including ballistic testing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
National Institute of Standards and Technology
NIST
A federal agency setting standards for materials, testing, and technology, often referenced in government contracts involving body armor or other technical products.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NATO STANAG 2920 ↗
NATO
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION
An intergovernmental military alliance that, among other things, standardizes military equipment and ammunition across member countries to ensure interoperability. NATO specifications for ammunition ensure that forces from different countries can share logistics and support more effectively.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
NIJ
The United States National Institute of Justice; whose ballistics testing standards for armor are accepted virtually worldwide.
Read: NIJ Compliance, Explained: NIJ, CJTTEC, the CPL, and FIT →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ CTP / CPL ↗
NIJ
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF JUSTICE
The U.S. government agency responsible for establishing and maintaining performance standards for ballistic protection gear, including body armor. The NIJ certification is widely regarded as a benchmark for armor effectiveness and reliability.
Read: NIJ Compliance, Explained: NIJ, CJTTEC, the CPL, and FIT →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ CTP / CPL ↗
NIJ 0101.06
The 2008 revision of the NIJ ballistic-resistance body armor standard, using Roman-numeral threat levels (II, IIIA, III, IV). Superseded by NIJ 0101.07 but maintained on its own Compliant Products List during the transition.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
NIJ 0101.07
The current (2023) NIJ ballistic-resistance body armor standard. Replaces Roman-numeral levels with handgun (HG1, HG2) and rifle (RF1, RF2, RF3) tiers and pairs with the separate NIJ 0123.00 threat specification.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
NIJ 0106.01
The NIJ standard for ballistic helmets, specifying test threats and performance requirements for head protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
NIJ 0108.01
The NIJ standard for ballistic-resistant protective materials, used for armor components not covered as complete torso systems.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
NIJ 0115.00
The NIJ standard for stab resistance of personal body armor, defining edged-blade and spike test methods and protection levels by strike energy.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
NIJ 0116.00
A standard for stab-resistant body armor, ensuring protection against edged weapons and spikes.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
NIJ 0123.00
The companion specification to NIJ 0101.07 that defines the ballistic protection levels and their associated test threats and reference velocities, separated from the standard so threats can be updated independently.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
NIJ Compliance Testing
A rigorous certification process ensuring body armor meets the National Institute of Justice standards for ballistic and stab resistance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
NIJ Mark
The compliance label a manufacturer may apply to armor listed on the NIJ Compliant Products List, indicating the model met program requirements. The mark must match a current CPL listing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
NIJ Standard 0104.02
1984
Sets the standards for riot helmets and face shields, detailing the requirements for protective gear used in crowd control and riot situations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
NIJ Standard 0106.01
1981
Provides specifications for ballistic helmets, focusing on the design and performance standards required for law enforcement protective headgear.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
NIJ Standard 0108.01
1985
This standard outlines the specifications for ballistic protective materials, guiding manufacturers in producing materials that meet performance and safety requirements against firearm threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
NIJ Standard 0115.00
2000
Specifies the criteria for body armor to resist stabs, knives, and spikes, ensuring protective garments meet safety standards against sharp weapon threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
NIJ Standard 0117.00
2016
Establishes standards for public safety bomb suits, detailing the performance requirements for protective suits designed to safeguard against explosive threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
NIJ STANDARD-0101.06
2008
Establishes guidelines for the ballistic resistance of body armor, ensuring that such equipment is tested and rated for its ability to stop specific types of bullets under certain conditions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
NIJ STANDARD-0101.07
2023
Updates the ballistic resistance criteria for body armor, incorporating new testing methodologies, threat levels, and material technologies to reflect modern ballistic threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
NIJ STANDARD-0123.00
2023
Defines ballistic protection levels, providing a detailed framework for categorizing the ballistic performance of body armor against various threat types.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Nitride
Ceramic materials formed by combining metals or metalloids with nitrogen, generally less common in armor applications compared to oxides or carbides.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Non-ballistic Testing
Testing protocols focused on evaluating an armor system's resistance to environmental factors, such as heat, cold, and chemical exposure.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Non-deforming Penetration
A penetration mechanism where a hard projectile penetrates a softer target without significant deformation of the projectile itself.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Non-magnetic Armor Materials
Armor materials designed for use in environments where magnetic interference must be minimized, such as explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) operations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
Non-newtonian Fluid Armor
A cutting-edge technology using fluids that harden upon impact to provide flexible but strong ballistic protection.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Nonplanar
Describes armor or plates that are not flat, often designed with curvature to better fit and protect the body, including those tailored for female wearers.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
North American Industry Classification System
NAICS
A coding system used to classify businesses based on their economic activity, required for government contract registration.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Notch Sensitivity
The tendency of a material to fail at stress concentrators such as cracks or notches, important for armor design.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Notice of Compliance
The determination issued under the NIJ Compliance Testing Program that a specific model met requirements and may be added to the Compliant Products List.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ CTP / CPL ↗
Nylon
Versatile synthetic polymer used in a wide range of applications, including ballistic fabrics and reinforced plastics for tactical and structural components.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
O
Obliquity
The angle at which a projectile strikes the armor, measured relative to a normal line to the surface at the point of impact, influencing the effectiveness of the armor's protective capabilities.
Read: Obliquity: Why the Angle of a Hit Matters →PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Offeror
An entity submitting a proposal or bid in response to a government solicitation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Optimal Areal Density
The ideal balance between weight and protection level for a given application, factoring in mobility, endurance, and threat type.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Options Clause
A provision allowing the government to extend the term of a contract or purchase additional quantities within a specified timeframe.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Ordnance Velocity Range
Velocity range from 500 to 2000 meters per second, relevant for understanding ballistic performance and penetration mechanisms.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Oregon Ballistic LABORATORIES, Llc (SALEM, OR, US), Lab Code 200826-0
Dedicated to the testing of ballistic-resistant materials and body armor, ensuring that products meet stringent safety standards for law enforcement and military use.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIST NVLAP, HB 150 ↗
Otv
Outer tactical vest .
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Otv
OUTER TACTICAL VEST
A type of body armor designed for military use, featuring modular components that can be adjusted for varying levels of threat protection, including the integration of additional armor plates.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Over Velocity
A projectile speed exceeding the specified maximum for a given test, which could impact the performance outcome of body armor testing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Overmatch
A scenario in which a projectile's velocity or material properties exceed the rated capability of the armor, resulting in penetration.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Overpressure Event
An explosive shockwave that generates high-pressure forces, testing armor’s ability to withstand such forces without compromising performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Overt Armor
Armor designed to be worn over clothing, visible to observers. This type often includes additional features such as magazine pouches and utility pockets, catering to tactical and military applications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Overt Armour
This is armor worn outside normal clothing and is obvious.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Oxide
Ceramic materials formed by combining metals or metalloids with oxygen, including widely used and industrially important ceramics like aluminum oxide.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Oxynitride
Materials that are intermediate phases or solid solutions of nitride and oxide ceramics, used in specific applications like transparent armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
P
P-bfs
Perforation and Backface Signature: the combined pass criteria in ballistic testing, whether the round perforated the armor and how deep a depression it left in the backing clay.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Paba
Poly(paraphenylene benzobisoxazole)-adjacent aramid blends and backing materials used in some armor constructions; verify the specific fiber system with the manufacturer.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Packing List
A document accompanying a shipment that details the contents, dimensions, and weight of packages, used for customs clearance and logistics purposes.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Panel Cover
The outer layer enclosing the protective materials of an armor panel, shielding them from environmental factors like moisture and UV light.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Parabellum 9MM
A reference to the 9mm Parabellum cartridge, a standard for small arms ammunition designed by Georg Luger, widely used in handguns and submachine guns across various military and law enforcement agencies.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Partial Penetration
An outcome in armor testing where a projectile does not fully penetrate the armor, indicating a successful stop of the threat.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Partial Penetration
PP
In armor testing, refers to a projectile penetrating the strike face but being stopped by the backing material, indicating effective armor performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
PASGT
Early U.S. military armor system consisting of a Kevlar helmet and vest, marking the introduction of aramid fibers in military body armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Past Performance
A contractor’s record of meeting obligations on previous contracts, used as an evaluation factor in government procurement.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Pearlite
Steel microstructure offering a mix of strength and ductility, less common in armor applications compared to martensitic steels due to its properties.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Pellet Armor
Armor composed of spherical or capsule-shaped ceramic pellets, offering good multi-hit performance but at a cost to single-shot efficiency.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Penetration
A result in which the projectile passes through the armor. In testing, a complete penetration (perforation) is a failure; a partial penetration is stopped within the armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Penetrator
Hard core within a bullet designed to improve penetration through armor or hard targets, often made from materials like steel or tungsten.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Perforation
A complete penetration in which the projectile, or a fragment of it, passes fully through the armor. A perforation is a test failure.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Perforation Resistance
The ability of an armor system to prevent complete penetration by a projectile or fragment.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Performance Work Statement
PWS
A document specifying the desired outcomes and performance standards for a government contract, focusing on results rather than methods.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Personal Blast Protection Systems
Wearable systems designed to mitigate the effects of explosive blasts, including shockwaves and fragmentation, tailored for individuals in high-risk environments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Petaling
A penetration mechanism characterized by ductile deformation and the formation of petal-like cracks, commonly occurring when large-diameter projectiles strike thin metal plates.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Phase Transition Materials
Materials that absorb kinetic energy by changing state (e.g., solid to liquid) upon impact, effectively dissipating energy and reducing the risk of penetration.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Phase-change Materials
PCM
Substances that absorb or release heat during phase transitions, used in armor systems for thermal management.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Placard
A quick-attach front panel that mounts to a plate carrier’s cummerbund or front, holding magazines or gear and allowing rapid on/off configuration.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Plastic Deformation
Permanent shape change in a material under stress, a mechanism for energy dissipation in some armor materials.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Plate Backer
A foam or soft armor insert placed behind a hard plate to absorb backface deformation and reduce blunt force trauma.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Plate Carrier
A fabric garment designed to hold armor plates closely against the body's vital areas, either over or under clothing. Plate carriers themselves offer no ballistic protection
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Plate Pocket
Integral parts of a plate carrier designed to securely hold armor plates. Plate pockets are distinguished as "Front" and "Rear," with rear pockets typically featuring a drag handle and permanent attachment points for cummerbunds or lateral supports.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Plugging
A mechanism where a projectile punches out a cylindrical piece of the target material, common in harder alloys and influenced by the target's hardness.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Plus Pressure
+P
Ammunition designed with a higher internal pressure to achieve greater velocity and stopping power. +P rounds must be used with caution and only in firearms specifically rated for their increased pressure levels, as they can cause accelerated wear or damage to weapons not designed for high-pressure loads.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Polycarbonate
Transparent, impact-resistant polymer used in various applications including transparent armor, noted for its clarity and durability.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Polycarbonate
PC
A lightweight, impact-resistant polymer used in ballistic shields and transparent armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Polycrystalline
Materials consisting of numerous crystals of varying sizes, encompassing most metals, ceramics, and some polymers.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Polycrystalline Diamond
Synthetic, extremely hard form of diamond with high toughness, of interest in armor for its potential superior performance.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Polymer
Broad class of materials formed from repeating molecular units, serving as the basis for plastics, elastomers, and many structural materials.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Polymer Ceramic Hybrids
Materials combining the flexibility of polymers with the hardness of ceramics, used to create lightweight and effective ballistic protection.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Polypropylene
Lightweight, semi-crystalline polymer used in fibers and reinforced tapes for applications requiring high stiffness and low weight.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Polysulfide
Elastomeric polymers used as sealants and adhesives in military applications, known for their chemical stability and temperature resistance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Polyurea
Elastomeric polymers used for coating and bonding in armor plates, favored for their toughness and resistance to environmental factors.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Polyurethane
Versatile polymers used in fiber composites and adhesives in armor, chosen for their strength, bonding capabilities, and toughness.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Post-curing Process
The additional heat treatment applied to composites to improve their strength and durability after initial manufacturing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Powder
GUNPOWDER
The chemical propellant that, when ignited, generates gas to propel the bullet out of the firearm's barrel. Modern firearms typically use smokeless powder, which is more stable and produces less smoke than traditional black powder.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Pre-award Survey
An evaluation conducted before awarding a contract to ensure the bidder is capable of fulfilling the contract requirements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Predictive Armor Failure Analytics
The use of data analytics and machine learning to predict potential failure points in armor systems, allowing for proactive maintenance or replacement.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Preferential Trade Agreement
PTA
Agreements between countries to reduce tariffs and trade barriers on goods originating from member countries, such as free trade agreements (FTAs).
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Preferred Supplier Programs
Criteria and frameworks for selecting and managing suppliers of ballistic materials, ensuring quality, reliability, and compliance in the supply chain.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Prepreg
Reinforced fabric pre-impregnated with resin, facilitating the production of composite materials for armor and structural applications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Prime Contractor
The primary entity awarded a government contract, responsible for managing all aspects of performance, including subcontractors.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Primer
The small ignition component of a cartridge that, when struck by the firearm's firing pin, detonates to ignite the gunpowder. Primers are critical for converting the mechanical action of pulling the trigger into the chemical reaction that propels the bullet.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Princess Seam
A shaping seam or dart in female soft armor that contours the panel to the bust, a construction feature that must be accounted for in testing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Pro Forma Invoice
A preliminary invoice provided by the seller to the buyer before the shipment of goods, outlining the details of the transaction for approval or to secure payment.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Procurement Integrity Act
PIA
Legislation ensuring fairness in federal procurement by prohibiting the release of confidential information during the contracting process.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Projectile
Any object propelled through space by the exertion of a force, which can include bullets, artillery shells, and other items launched at high speeds. In ballistics, the term specifically refers to the component of ammunition designed to strike a target.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Projectile Energy Absorption Mapping
Techniques to visually map how armor absorbs and disperses the energy of ballistic impacts, aiding in design improvements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Projectile Energy Dispersal Mapping
Advanced modeling techniques to analyze how energy is distributed upon impact, helping to refine armor designs for improved multi-hit capability.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Proposal
A formal document submitted by a contractor outlining how they will meet the requirements of a government solicitation, including technical, management, and pricing plans.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Protected Side
The face of a bullet-resistant barrier oriented toward the people or assets being protected.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
Protection Coefficient
Formula to evaluate armor’s effectiveness, combining V50 ballistic performance and areal density to assess overall protection merit.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Protection Level
A defined tier within a standard specifying the exact threats, velocities, and conditions armor must defeat. Levels are not interchangeable across standards.
Read: NIJ 0101.07 Threat Levels →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Protective Helmet Suspension Systems
Internal mechanisms in helmets designed to improve fit and reduce transmitted force during impacts, often incorporating padding and adjustable straps.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
PS Ball
Designation for a common 7.62x39mm ammunition with a mild steel core, used widely around the world and known for its distinct ballistic characteristics.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Psdb
The United Kingdom Police Scientific Development Branch. This organization conducted extensive research into stabbing's and developed the Standard for Stab Proof Armour and the test regime. This standard is also used by the National Institute of Justice.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
Psdb
POLICE SCIENTIFIC DEVELOPMENT BRANCH
A UK-based organization responsible for the development and testing of police equipment, including body armor, establishing standards and protocols for protective gear.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
Q
Quick-release Carrier Systems
Innovative plate carrier designs that allow for rapid removal or adjustment in emergency situations, improving user safety and comfort.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Quota
A government-imposed limit on the quantity or value of certain goods that can be imported or exported during a specific period.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
R
Radiological Shielding Armor
Specialized armor designed to protect against radioactive contamination or radiation exposure, often used in hazardous environments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ranger Green
A common muted green-gray color for tactical carriers and gear. A cosmetic descriptor, not a performance attribute.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Rcc
Right Circular Cylinder: a standardized cylindrical test fragment used in some fragmentation V50 protocols.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Rcc
RIGHT CIRCULAR CYLINDER
A standard shape used in ballistic testing to simulate fragments or projectiles, providing a consistent test variable for armor evaluation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Reaction-bonded
A manufacturing process for ceramics where powders are mixed, shaped, and then infiltrated with a molten metal that reacts to form a cermet, used for making certain types of armor materials like silicon carbide.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Reactive Composite Armor
Armor designed to respond dynamically to different impact velocities or threat types, enhancing its effectiveness in multi-threat scenarios.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Reactive Laminate Armor
An armor configuration that dynamically changes properties upon impact, such as using embedded piezoelectric materials to dissipate energy.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Reference Velocity
The specified impact velocity at which a given test round must strike the armor for a valid ballistic test under the governing standard.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Request for Information
RFI
A market research tool used by agencies to gather information about potential solutions or contractors before issuing a formal solicitation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Request for Proposal
RFP
A formal solicitation seeking detailed proposals for complex procurements, evaluated on multiple criteria such as cost, technical merit, and past performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Request for Quotation
RFQ
A less formal solicitation seeking pricing and availability information from vendors, typically used for small or commercial purchases.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Resin Matrix Degradation
Damage to the polymer binding fibers in composite armor due to environmental factors like UV exposure or chemical contaminants.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Responsible Bidder
A contractor that meets the qualifications, financial capacity, and ability to perform the contract requirements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Restricted Party Screening
A compliance process to ensure that goods are not sold to individuals, companies, or countries on restricted or denied party lists maintained by governments or international organizations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: EAR, 15 CFR 730-774 ↗
RF1
Categories within the NIJ 0101.07 standard for rifle threat levels, indicating armor's capability to stop specific small arms projectiles at defined velocities.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
RF2
Categories within the NIJ 0101.07 standard for rifle threat levels, indicating armor's capability to stop specific small arms projectiles at defined velocities.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
RF3
Categories within the NIJ 0101.07 standard for rifle threat levels, indicating armor's capability to stop specific small arms projectiles at defined velocities.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Rha
ROLLED HOMOGENEOUS ARMOR
A type of armor steel used primarily in military vehicles, known for its uniform composition and balance of hardness and toughness.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Rifle Plate
A hard armor plate rated to stop rifle threats, made from ceramic, polyethylene, steel, or a composite, worn in a plate carrier over or instead of soft armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Rifle Protection Levels
Specific NIJ standards for hard armor plates tested against rifle threats, such as RF1, RF2, and RF3 under NIJ 0101.07.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Rifle Rated
A general descriptor indicating armor is intended to stop rifle threats. Confirm the specific tier (RF1, RF2, RF3, or legacy III/IV) and standard.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Rifle-rated Plates
Hard armor plates certified to protect against high-velocity rifle rounds, typically NIJ Level III or IV.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Rig
Similar to "Kit," this slang term refers to a fully assembled and equipped plate carrier system, ready for operational deployment, encompassing both the ballistic protection elements and the load-carrying capabilities.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Riot Control Gear
Protective equipment, including ballistic-resistant helmets, shields, and vests, used by law enforcement in crowd control and riot situations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
RN
Round Nose
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
RN
ROUND NOSE
Refers to bullets with a rounded tip, designed to improve feeding in firearms and to strike a balance between penetration and impact energy transfer. Round nose bullets are used across a variety of shooting activities, from target practice to hunting.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Roma Plastilina
The oil-based modeling clay (Roma Plastilina No. 1) used as the calibrated backing material behind armor in ballistic testing to record backface deformation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Rules of Origin
ROO
Criteria used to determine the national source of a product, which affects eligibility for preferential tariffs under free trade agreements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Russian Aramid
A type of aramid fiber developed in Russia with superior strength and flexibility compared to other aramid fibers, used in high-performance ballistic applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
S
S-glass
A high-strength type of fiberglass used in some ballistic applications, offering better performance than E-glass but not as widely used as aramid or UHMWPE fibers.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Safe Storage Protocols
Guidelines for storing body armor to maintain its protective properties, including temperature, humidity, and positioning considerations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Sai
Soft armor insert.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Sai
SOFT ARMOUR INSERT
Flexible panels made of high-strength fibers or composites that provide ballistic protection, designed to be inserted into carriers or vests.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Sanctions and Embargoes
Legal restrictions imposed by governments or international bodies on trade with specific countries, entities, or individuals, often affecting high-risk goods like body armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: EAR, 15 CFR 730-774 ↗
SAPI
Small arms protective insert.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
SAPI
SMALL ARMS PROTECTIVE INSERT
A standardized military specification for body armor plates designed to protect against small arms fire, integral to modern soldier protection systems.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
SAPI Cut
The standardized plate shape based on the military Small Arms Protective Insert, with clipped upper corners. Effectively the full-cut profile.
Read: Plate Cuts and Sizing: Coverage vs Mobility →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Sapphire
A form of aluminum oxide known for its hardness and transparency, used in specialized applications including transparent armor where clarity and resistance to scratching are critical.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Schedule B Code
A 10-digit classification code used by the U.S. Census Bureau to track exports for statistical purposes, similar to the HS code.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Sectional Density
A measure of a projectile's mass relative to its cross-sectional area, important for understanding its penetrative capacity and ballistic efficiency.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Self-healing Polymers
Experimental materials capable of repairing damage after ballistic impacts, potentially extending the lifespan of body armor.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Self-sealing Armor
Armor designed with materials that automatically close around penetrations, maintaining integrity against further threats or leaks (e.g., for fuel tanks).
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Serial Number
A unique identifier assigned to an individual armor item, enabling per-item tracking of issue, inspection, service life, and disposition.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ BA 9000 ↗
Service Life
The manufacturer’s rated in-use lifespan for armor, commonly about five years for soft armor, after which it must be retired regardless of appearance.
Read: How Long Does Body Armor Last? Service Life, Explained →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Service-disabled Veteran-owned Small Business
SDVOSB
A small business owned and controlled by service-disabled veterans, eligible for certain federal contracting preferences.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Set-aside Contract
A contract reserved for specific types of businesses, such as small businesses, women-owned businesses, or veteran-owned businesses.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Shaped Charge Testing
A ballistic evaluation method for assessing armor performance against explosive jets from shaped charges.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Shaped Charge Weapon
A type of munition designed to focus the energy of an explosive charge onto a small area, effectively penetrating armor through the formation of a high-velocity metal jet.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Shatter-gap
A phenomenon where an armor material exhibits different levels of protection against a projectile based on the projectile's velocity, with a specific velocity range where the armor is less effective.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Shatter-gap Testing
Testing methodology designed to identify the presence of a shatter-gap effect in armor materials, involving shooting projectiles at varying velocities to measure the armor's protective capability across a range of impact speeds.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Shear Band Propagation
The formation and spread of localized deformation zones in metals and ceramics under high strain rates, influencing material failure.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Shear Modulus
A measure of a material's ability to resist shear deformation, relevant for evaluating composite layers in ballistic armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Shelf Life
The period armor retains its rated performance in storage before use. Ballistic materials can degrade over time even unworn, so storage age still counts against protection.
Read: How Long Does Body Armor Last? Service Life, Explained →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
SHIPPER’S Export Declaration
SED
A document filed with the U.S. Census Bureau to provide export data for shipments valued above a specific threshold or requiring an export license.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Shock Absorbing Filler
A layer within armor designed to absorb energy from impacts, reducing the likelihood of penetration or trauma.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Shockwave Management
Armor technology designed to dissipate shockwaves generated by explosive or ballistic impacts, reducing damage and trauma.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Shockwave Propagation Tool
Software or equipment used to measure how shockwaves travel through armor materials, critical for improving multi-layer armor designs.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Shoot Pack
The stack of ballistic material layers inside a soft armor panel that actually stops the threat, as distinct from the fabric cover that encloses it. Also called the ballistic pack.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Shooters Cut
A hard plate shape with aggressively angled upper corners that improve shoulder mobility and rifle shouldering, trading a small amount of coverage.
Read: Plate Cuts and Sizing: Coverage vs Mobility →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Shot-to-edge
The minimum required distance from an impact point to the edge of the armor panel, controlled in testing so shots probe realistic vulnerability without invalidating the hit.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Shot-to-edge Distance
The measurement from the center of a projectile impact to the nearest edge of the armor panel or test item, important for ensuring test validity.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Shot-to-shot
The minimum required spacing between successive impact points during ballistic testing, ensuring each shot lands on undamaged material unless a multi-hit sequence is intended.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Shot-to-shot Distance
The distance between the centers of two projectile impacts on a test item, critical for assessing multi-hit capabilities and ensuring fair test conditions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Shoulder Strap
An essential component of plate carriers, linking front and rear plate pockets. Fully adjustable for fit and often equipped with quick-release mechanisms, shoulder straps ensure proper positioning of armor plates and facilitate rapid removal of the carrier if necessary.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Side Panel
A soft armor panel covering the side of the torso, closing the gap between front and back protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Side Plate
A smaller hard armor plate worn on the side of the torso, typically in a cummerbund pocket, to extend rifle protection beyond the front and back plates.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Silica
SIO2
A common compound used in glass and ceramics, with applications in armor systems where its properties contribute to the material's strength and durability.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Silicon Carbide
SIC
A synthetic ceramic known for its hardness and thermal stability, widely used in hard armor applications for its ability to defeat high-velocity projectiles.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Simplified Acquisition Procedure
SAP
A streamlined procurement process for contracts below a specified dollar threshold, reducing administrative burden.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Single-curve
Refers to armor plates that are curved along a single axis, designed to offer a more comfortable fit than flat plates but not as ergonomically fitted as multi-curve plates.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Sintering
A method of fusing ceramic particles at high temperatures without melting them, creating a solid material from powder. This process is crucial for producing many types of ceramic armor materials.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Sintering Aids
Substances added to ceramic powders to facilitate sintering, promoting the fusion of particles to create a dense, strong material suitable for armor applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
SK
German ballistic testing standards focusing on aggressive testing criteria, especially for contact shots, providing a rigorous benchmark for ballistic protection performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Sloped Armor
Armor designed with an angled surface to increase the effective thickness against incoming projectiles and promote deflection, enhancing protective capabilities, particularly in vehicular armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Small Arms
Firearms intended for individual use, including handguns, rifles, and submachine guns. Armor systems are often rated based on their ability to withstand projectiles from these weapons.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Small Business Administration
SBA
A federal agency supporting small businesses through certifications, resources, and access to government contracting opportunities.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Small Business Set-aside
A procurement restricted to small businesses to encourage their participation in government contracting.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Smart Armor
Armor systems integrated with sensors and electronics to monitor impact data, user biometrics, and system integrity in real time.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Smart Labeling Systems
Advanced labeling methods incorporating RFID or QR codes for tracking armor specifications, lot numbers, and maintenance records.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Sms Testing Llc (RISING SUN, MD, US), Lab Code 600351-0
Conducts a broad range of tests on body armor and ballistic materials, assessing their ability to protect against various threats and impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIST NVLAP, HB 150 ↗
Soft Armor
Flexible armor made from layers of fibrous materials like aramid or UHMWPE, effective against handgun rounds and shrapnel but not designed to stop high-velocity rifle projectiles.
Read: Soft Armor vs Hard Armor: What Each One Is For →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Soft Armor Panel
Flexible armor panels designed to stop handgun rounds and fragment threats, typically used in covert or overt carriers.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Soft Body Armor
See Soft Armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Soft Body Armour
This describes armor made from fabric only. It can be a composite containing more than one type of fiber.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Sonic Velocity
The speed at which sound waves travel through a material, important in armor design for understanding how shock waves from impacts propagate through different layers of material.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Source Selection
The process of evaluating and choosing the contractor that offers the best value to the government, based on pre-defined criteria.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Sourcewell Cooperative Contracts
Procurement contracts allowing government agencies to acquire pre-negotiated pricing on body armor and other protective equipment.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Spaced Armor
Armor with air gaps between layers, designed to improve protection against certain types of threats by disrupting the penetration mechanism, commonly used in armored vehicles.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Spaced-layer Matrix
Armor construction with intentional gaps between layers to disrupt projectile momentum and increase energy dissipation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Spall
Fragments ejected from the surface of armor upon impact, potentially causing secondary injuries. Armor designs often include spall liners or coatings to mitigate this risk.
Read: Ceramic vs Steel vs Polyethylene: Choosing a Rifle Plate →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Spall Coating
A protective layer applied to armor plates to contain fragments and reduce secondary injuries caused by projectile impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Spall Fracture
A failure mechanism where material from the rear surface of armor becomes secondary projectiles. This phenomenon is a concern in both personal armor and vehicle protection systems.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Spall Liner
A protective layer designed to catch fragments (spall) from shattered armor, enhancing safety.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Spall Shield
A layer on the protected side of a barrier or plate designed to contain fragments and spall generated on impact.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
Spalling
The phenomenon where material from an armor plate breaks away upon impact by a projectile, potentially creating secondary projectiles that can cause additional injury. Commonly associated with ceramic armor, where material breakage is a known risk upon ballistic impact.
Read: Ceramic vs Steel vs Polyethylene: Choosing a Rifle Plate →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Spcs
SOLDIER PLATE CARRIER SYSTEM
The current standard-issue plate carrier system for U.S. military personnel, designed with a focus on balancing protection and mobility by providing essential ballistic protection while allowing for greater movement efficiency.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Special Threat
A projectile outside the standard NIJ test threats that a plate is separately tested against, validated by independent test data rather than a Compliant Products List entry.
Read: Special-Threat Plates: Protection the CPL Does Not List →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Special Threat Plate
A hard armor plate designed to protect against specific ballistic threats not covered by general standards like NIJ.
Read: Special-Threat Plates: Protection the CPL Does Not List →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Specific Material Property
A measure comparing a material's mechanical properties to its density, which is important in armor design for optimizing protective performance relative to weight.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Specific Strength
The strength of a material relative to its density, critical for optimizing lightweight ballistic armor designs.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Spectra SHIELD®
A brand of UHMWPE composite material known for its high strength-to-weight ratio, commonly used in advanced body armor systems.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
SPECTRA®
A high-strength, high-modulus polyethylene fiber manufactured by Honeywell and used in ballistic protective fabrics. Comparable in role to Dyneema®, with a very high strength-to-weight ratio.
Read: Aramid vs Polyethylene: The Two Fibers Behind Soft Armor →REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Speed Plate
A marketing term for a lightweight, often thin special-threat plate; not a standardized designation. Verify the exact threats and standard it was tested against.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Spider Silk
A natural fiber with exceptional strength and elasticity, researched for potential use in body armor due to its unique properties, though commercial use in armor is currently limited.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Spike Resistance
Protection against needle-like pointed weapons that can slip between fibers, tested and rated separately (e.g. UK HOSDB SP levels, NIJ 0115).
Read: Stab and Spike Resistance: The Standard Behind Edged-Weapon Armor →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Spinel
A ceramic material used in transparent armor, offering superior optical clarity and impact resistance, though its use is limited by cost and manufacturing complexity.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Stab-spike Hybrid Protection
Armor systems designed to protect against both stab and spike threats, offering enhanced versatility in high-risk environments.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
STANAG 2920
The NATO standardization agreement defining the ballistic test method for personal armour materials and combat clothing, reported as a V50.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NATO STANAG 2920 ↗
STANAG 2920 NATO
Military standards for ballistic protection, providing guidelines for testing and evaluating armor solutions for military applications.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NATO STANAG 2920 ↗
STANAG 4569
The NATO standardization agreement defining protection levels for the occupants of armoured vehicles against kinetic, artillery, and mine threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NATO STANAG 2920 ↗
Standalone
A hard armor plate rated to meet its protection level on its own, without any soft armor backing. Contrast with In Conjunction With (ICW).
Read: Soft Armor vs Hard Armor: What Each One Is For →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Statement of Work
SOW
A detailed document outlining the scope, objectives, and deliverables of a government contract.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Steel
A fundamental material in armor systems, available in various formulations and treatments to balance hardness, toughness, and weight for different protective applications.
Read: Steel Armor and Spall: The Hazard Marketing Skips →REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Stop
Another term for partial penetration, indicating that the armor successfully halted the projectile before complete penetration.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Stress-strain Curve
A graphical representation of a material's mechanical behavior under loading, used to evaluate properties like tensile strength and ductility.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Strike Face
The outer surface of an armor panel or plate that faces toward potential threats, designed to absorb and distribute the force of impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Strike Face Indicators
Markings on armor plates indicating the correct orientation for optimal performance against threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Strike Face Orientation Indicator
A visual or tactile marking system ensuring the armor panel is correctly oriented for maximum effectiveness.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Strike Plate
A hard armor component, often made of ceramics or composite materials, designed to stop or deflect bullets, inserted into body armor systems for enhanced protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Structural Load-bearing Armor
Armor integrated into the structural components of buildings or vehicles, providing protection while maintaining functionality.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Subcontractor
An entity contracted by a prime contractor to perform part of the work on a government contract.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Supplier
The entity responsible for ensuring that the body armor or protective equipment meets the established performance standards and maintains compliance with certification requirements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Supply Chain Security
C-TPAT
A U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) program encouraging companies to improve the security of their supply chains to prevent smuggling and terrorism.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Support Structure
The fixture and backing assembly that holds armor during testing, including the backing material used to measure backface deformation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Surety Bond
A financial guarantee ensuring that a contractor will fulfill the obligations of a government contract.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors
Sensors embedded in armor systems to detect and analyze ballistic impacts, providing real-time feedback on damage and performance.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Surrogate
A substitute projectile used in ballistic testing when specific threat rounds are unavailable or to achieve consistent test conditions, ensuring reliable armor performance evaluations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Sustainability in Body Armor Manufacturing
Efforts to incorporate eco-friendly materials and processes in the production of body armor, addressing growing concerns about environmental impact.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
SWAT Ballistic Gear
Specialized ballistic-resistant equipment used by SWAT teams, including helmets, shields, and high-threat body armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0106.01 ↗
Swc
SEMI-WADCUTTER
A bullet design that combines features of both the round nose and the wadcutter bullets, with a flat front and a tapered cylindrical shape. SWC bullets are known for their ability to create clean, easily scored holes in paper targets, making them popular for competition shooting.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Swimmers Cut
A hard plate shape with the most aggressively cut upper corners, maximizing arm and shoulder mobility with the least corner coverage.
Read: Plate Cuts and Sizing: Coverage vs Mobility →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
T
Tactical Armor
Armor specifically designed for tactical operations, offering both ballistic protection and functional features such as equipment pouches, tailored for law enforcement and military use.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Tactical Armor System
Integrated ballistic gear designed for tactical operations, often including modular features for adaptability and additional protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Tactical Armour
This is overt armor; which is further developed for extensive use. The carrier is often designed to hold special equipment; in addition to the armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Tactical Vest
A multipurpose vest providing ballistic protection and storage for tactical equipment, commonly used by law enforcement and military personnel.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Tantalum
A dense metal considered for use in high-density projectiles and armor-penetrating applications, though its use is limited by cost and availability.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Tariff Rate Quota
TRQ
A trade policy tool allowing a set quantity of goods to be imported at a reduced tariff rate, with higher rates applied to quantities exceeding the quota.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
TECHNORA®
An aramid fiber manufactured by Teijin Ltd., known for high strength and resistance to heat and chemicals. Used in ballistic protection and in industrial applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Tensile Fracture
A failure mechanism where armor materials split due to excessive tensile stress, often analyzed to improve design.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
TENSYLON™
A high-performance polyethylene fiber developed by DuPont and a registered trademark of DuPont, used in ballistic protection materials and other high-strength applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Terminal Ballistics
The study of projectile impacts, focusing on penetration, energy transfer, and the effects on targets, foundational in understanding and improving armor performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Termination for Convenience
A clause allowing the government to terminate a contract without fault on the contractor's part, often with compensation for work completed.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Termination for Default
A clause enabling the government to terminate a contract if the contractor fails to meet performance obligations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Terminology Standard
A published standard (e.g. ASTM E3005) that fixes the precise meaning of technical terms so specifications and test reports are unambiguous.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
Test Item
An individual piece of armor or component subjected to ballistic or other forms of testing to evaluate performance under specified conditions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: ASTM International ↗
Test Series
A set of tests conducted on a single armor item or across multiple items to accumulate the necessary data for evaluating the armor's performance against designated threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Test Threat
The specific type of projectile or other hazard used in the testing of body armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
The Technische Richtlinie (TR) Ballistische Schutzwesten
A German standard providing guidelines for ballistic vests, ensuring protective gear meets specific safety and performance criteria.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
Thermal Barrier Layers
Layers integrated into armor to protect against heat generated during ballistic impacts or exposure to high-temperature environments.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Thermal Cycling Resistance
A material's ability to withstand repeated heating and cooling cycles without losing structural integrity.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Thermal Expansion Coefficient
A measure of how much a material expands or contracts with temperature changes, important for multi-material armor systems.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Thermal Expansion Stress
Cracks or deformations in armor caused by temperature changes, particularly relevant for ceramics and metal components.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Thermoplastic
Polymers that become moldable upon heating, used in various components of armor systems for their versatility and ability to be shaped into complex forms.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Thermoplastic Coated Fabrics
Ballistic fabrics coated with thermoplastic materials to improve water resistance, abrasion resistance, and overall durability.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Thermoplastic Polymers
Materials that soften upon heating and can be reshaped, used in lightweight, flexible armor systems.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Thermoset
Polymers that, once cured, do not soften upon reheating, used in armor composites for their durability and resistance to deformation under impact.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Thermosetting Polymers
Materials that cure into rigid structures and do not soften upon reheating, commonly used in composites for ballistic armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Threat Level Gradient Mapping
Analysis of how different sections of armor can provide variable protection levels, optimizing weight distribution and overall performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Titanium
A metal with a high strength-to-weight ratio, used in specialized armor applications where its unique properties outweigh its higher cost compared to traditional armor materials.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Tool Steel Insert Plates
Specialized hard steel plates used in hybrid armor systems for enhanced penetration resistance in critical zones.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Toughness
A material's ability to absorb energy and plastically deform without fracturing, critical for withstanding ballistic impacts.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Trade Agreements Act
TAA
A federal law requiring that products purchased under certain contracts originate from designated countries or the United States.
Read: Made in USA, Berry, and TAA: What Domestic-Sourcing Claims Mean →PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 U.S.C. § 2501 ↗
Trade Compliance Management
TCM
Systems and processes used by companies to ensure adherence to import/export regulations and minimize legal and financial risks.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Trade Compliance Software
Tools designed to streamline compliance with import/export regulations for ballistic-resistant products, particularly ITAR and EAR compliance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Trade Restriction Exceptions
Conditions under which restricted goods may be traded, such as humanitarian exemptions or special government authorizations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: EAR, 15 CFR 730-774 ↗
Trade-off Analysis Tools
Software used to compare different armor materials and designs, balancing weight, cost, and protection levels for optimal product selection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Transit Country
A country through which goods pass en route from the exporter to the importer, often requiring compliance with additional regulations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Transitional Armor Configurations
Armor systems designed to switch between different protection modes, such as from covert to overt configurations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Transparent Armor Glazing
Specialized transparent materials, such as polycarbonate or laminated glass, designed to provide ballistic protection without compromising visibility, commonly used in vehicles and security installations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Transparent Ceramics
Advanced materials like spinel and ALON used for ballistic glass or face shields, offering clarity and protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Transparent Flexible Armor
Advanced materials that combine transparency and flexibility, allowing for new applications in wearable and architectural ballistic protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
Trauma Pack
A soft insert designed to be placed behind body armor panels to reduce the severity of backface deformation caused by a ballistic impact, helping to mitigate the risk of injury to the wearer.
Read: What Is a Trauma Plate, and What Does It Actually Do? →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Trauma Pad
A pad placed behind armor plates to mitigate backface deformation and reduce the force transferred to the wearer, enhancing comfort and protection against blunt force trauma during ballistic impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Trauma Plate
A hard insert used in conjunction with body armor to provide additional protection against high-velocity impacts and to reduce backface deformation. Unlike soft trauma packs, trauma plates are rigid and made of materials like ceramics or metals.
Read: What Is a Trauma Plate, and What Does It Actually Do? →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Trauma Plate Insert
A hard plate added to soft armor carriers to enhance protection against high-energy impacts and reduce blunt force trauma.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Triple Curve
A hard plate contoured on multiple axes to conform closely to the torso, improving comfort and fit compared with single- or double-curve plates.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Tumble Test
A conditioning procedure that mechanically tumbles armor to simulate the flexing and wear of extended field use before ballistic evaluation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Tunable Protection Systems
Armor systems with adjustable components that can be modified to provide varying levels of protection based on operational needs.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Tungsten Carbide
A very hard ceramic used in armor-penetrating projectiles, offering high density and hardness but limited in armor applications due to weight and cost considerations.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Tungsten Heavy Alloy
An alloy known for its high density and used in projectiles for its penetration capabilities, though its application in armor is limited by various factors including cost.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
TWARON®
An aramid fiber manufactured by Teijin Ltd., comparable in role to Kevlar®, used in ballistic protective equipment and other high-strength applications.
Read: Aramid vs Polyethylene: The Two Fibers Behind Soft Armor →REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
U
UD
The abbreviation for uni-directional. This describes the orientation of fibers in a crossply laminate; the fibers are aligned in parallel.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
UD
UNI-DIRECTIONAL
Refers to the orientation of fibers in a composite material where all fibers run in the same direction, offering strength and stiffness along that axis, commonly used in ballistic armor construction.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
UHMWPE
Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene (Dyneema, Spectra): a very light, hydrophobic ballistic fiber used in soft armor and hard plates, more heat-sensitive than aramid.
Read: Aramid vs Polyethylene: The Two Fibers Behind Soft Armor →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
UHMWPE
ULTRA-HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE
A fiber material known for its high strength-to-weight ratio, extensively used in modern body armor systems for its ability to stop high-velocity projectiles while remaining lightweight and flexible.
Read: Aramid vs Polyethylene: The Two Fibers Behind Soft Armor →PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
UL 752
The UL Standard for Bullet-Resisting Equipment, defining protection levels 1 through 10 for barriers, glazing, and related products.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
UL 752 Standard
A set of requirements for bullet-resistant equipment, specifying levels of ballistic protection for materials such as glass and doors.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
UL Level 1
The entry UL 752 protection level, defined against multiple 9mm hits at a specified velocity.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
UL Level 3
A UL 752 protection level defined against .44 Magnum threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
UL Level 8
A UL 752 protection level defined against multiple 7.62mm NATO rifle hits.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
UL Standard 752
Specifies requirements for bullet-resisting equipment, focusing on materials and constructions that offer effective ballistic protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: UL 752 ↗
Ultra-thin Ballistic Shields
Lightweight, portable shields designed for discreet use in close-quarters environments, providing effective protection without sacrificing mobility.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ultrafine Grain Ceramics
Advanced ceramics with grain sizes under 100 nanometers, offering superior hardness and multi-hit performance.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Ultrafine-grained Materials
Materials with grain sizes less than 1 micron, offering enhanced strength and hardness for armor applications.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Under Velocity
Refers to a situation in armor testing where the velocity of a projectile is below the specified minimum range. Testing at under velocity can be important for understanding the lower limits of an armor's protective capabilities.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Unfair Hit
In the context of body armor testing, an impact that does not meet the established criteria for a fair hit, possibly due to improper projectile placement, incorrect velocity, or other deviations from the test protocol.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Unidirectional Laminate
A construction method for composite materials where fibers are aligned in a single direction to maximize ballistic performance against specific threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Unsolicited Proposal
A proposal submitted by a contractor to a government agency without a formal solicitation, often for innovative or unique solutions.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
V
V0
The highest velocity at which a projectile produces no complete penetration in testing, a conservative measure of ballistic limit compared with V50.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
V0
CRITICAL PENETRATION VELOCITY
A metric used in armor testing to define the velocity at which a projectile is expected not to penetrate the armor, essential for establishing the protective limits of a given armor system.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
V05
The velocity at which 5% of projectiles are expected to completely penetrate the armor, used to assess the threshold where armor begins to fail against a particular threat.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
V50
A statistical measure used in ballistic testing to determine the velocity at which a projectile has a 50% chance of penetrating a given armor material, - SAPI (Small Arms Protective Insert - Current Meaning)
Read: V50 and Ballistic Limit: Measuring Armor, Not Just Rating It →PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
V50 Ballistic Limit
The velocity at which a specified projectile has a 50 percent probability of perforating the armor, the core metric of MIL-STD-662F and STANAG 2920 testing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Vacuum Resin Infusion
A manufacturing process that uses vacuum pressure to infuse resin into composite materials, improving consistency and performance in ballistic protection.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Value-added Tax
VAT
A consumption tax applied to the value added to goods at each stage of production or distribution, often refunded for exported goods.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Vectran
A high-strength fiber with unique properties such as excellent cut resistance and stability under extreme environmental conditions, considered for advanced armor systems but limited by cost and specific use-cases.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Vehicle Ballistic Panels
Modular ballistic-resistant panels installed in emergency vehicles to provide protection for occupants against gunfire.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Vendor Management Database
A centralized system to track supplier qualifications, certifications, and compliance for armor components and raw materials.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Vendor Qualification Standards
Standards for evaluating and qualifying suppliers, focusing on their ability to meet performance, quality, and compliance requirements for ballistic-resistant materials.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Ventilated Carrier
A body armor carrier with built-in ventilation features to improve comfort and reduce heat buildup during extended wear.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ventilated Carrier Systems
Carriers with built-in airflow channels to improve comfort and reduce overheating during extended wear.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Ventilation Layer
A breathable component integrated into armor systems to improve comfort and reduce heat buildup during extended use.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: OSHA 29 CFR 1910 ↗
Vest
A vest comprises armor inserts and the carrier
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Vibration Damping Layer
An internal layer in body armor designed to reduce the transmission of vibrations caused by ballistic impacts, enhancing wearer comfort.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Virtual Reality Training for Armor Use
VR-based training modules that simulate real-world scenarios to teach users how to effectively wear, adjust, and utilize body armor systems.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Viscoelasticity
A material property combining viscous and elastic behavior, relevant for polymers used in impact-resistant systems.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
VPAM
A set of German ballistic protection standards that provide guidelines and testing protocols for body armor, offering an alternative to NIJ standards with a focus on different threat levels and performance criteria.
Read: VPAM: Europe’s Fine-Grained Ballistic Scale →PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM 14
A high VPAM protection class corresponding to armor-piercing rifle threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM 6
A VPAM protection class corresponding to certain handgun threats such as .357 Magnum at defined velocity.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM 9
A VPAM protection class corresponding to rifle threats such as 7.62mm NATO ball.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM Apr 2006
Focuses on bullet-resistant helmets, setting design and ballistic resistance criteria to ensure head protection gear meets safety and performance standards.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM Brv
The VPAM Bullet Resistant Vests test standard for personal body armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM Bsw 2006
Establishes criteria for ballistic body armor, detailing performance standards for personal protective gear designed to safeguard against ballistic impacts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM Class
A protection level on the VPAM scale (roughly classes 1 through 14), each defined by specific test rounds and velocities.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM Hvn 2009
Provides guidelines for ballistic protection in civilian vehicles, focusing on standards and methods to enhance vehicle safety against ballistic threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM Kdiw 2004
Addresses vehicle armor specifications, outlining requirements for materials and designs used in armored vehicles to enhance safety against ballistic threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM PM
FORMERLY VPAM PM 2007
Sets general standards for ballistic materials and test methods, offering a framework for assessing ballistic protection material performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VPAM PM 2007
The VPAM test guideline for protective materials and constructions, used to classify products by threat class.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: Foreign national standards ↗
VX
Represents the velocity at which a given percentage (x) of projectiles are expected to completely penetrate the armor being tested, under specific testing conditions. This metric is useful for characterizing the protective performance of body armor against specified threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
W
Warranty Period
The manufacturer’s stated period during which the armor is warranted to perform as rated, often aligned with but not identical to the service life.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Wassenaar Arrangement
An international agreement promoting transparency and control of exports of conventional arms and dual-use goods, impacting ballistic-resistant product exports.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: EAR, 15 CFR 730-774 ↗
Water Submersion Test
A conditioning step in which armor is immersed in water before ballistic testing, verifying that moisture exposure does not degrade protection below the standard.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Wave Propagation
The study of how stress waves move through materials during impacts, critical for understanding shock absorption and energy dispersion in armor systems.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
Wave Propagation Analysis
The examination of shockwave behavior in armor materials, crucial for developing new energy-dissipating structures.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Wc-co
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE-COBALT
A cermet used in armor-piercing ammunition, valued for its hardness and density, enabling effective penetration of hard targets but less commonly used in armor materials due to specific application requirements.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Wear Face
The side of an armor panel or plate that is intended to be positioned closest to the wearer's body, designed to absorb and dissipate energy away from the wearer in the event of an impact.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Wear Pattern Analysis
The study of how armor systems degrade under repeated use, providing insights for lifecycle management and design optimization.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Wearable Blast Sensors
Devices integrated into body armor that monitor and record data from explosive events, helping to assess the impact and guide post-incident medical evaluation.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD / MIL-PRF ↗
Wearable Power Systems
Integrated power sources in body armor to support electronic devices, such as sensors, cameras, and communication equipment, used in tactical operations.
SME REVIEWEmerging or general term, pending expert sign-off
Wearer Armor Adjustment System
Adjustable straps and mechanisms on body armor to ensure a secure and comfortable fit for different body sizes.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Weight Distribution System
Features integrated into tactical vests and carriers to distribute armor weight evenly, reducing fatigue for wearers during extended use.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Wha
TUNGSTEN HEAVY ALLOY
Alloys designed for high density and impact resistance, used in specialized penetrators and projectiles, with limited direct application in armor but influencing the development of protective materials.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Wide Area Workflow
WAWF
A secure web-based system for electronic submission and tracking of invoices and receiving reports in Department of Defense contracts.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Witness Plate
A thin material placed behind test armor to detect and record complete penetrations or fragments passing through.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Women-owned Small Business
WOSB
A small business owned and controlled by women, eligible for specific contracting opportunities to promote diversity in federal procurement.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: FAR (48 CFR) ↗
Working Distance
The specified distance between the weapon or test barrel muzzle and the armor during ballistic testing.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: MIL-STD-662F ↗
Workmanship
Construction quality requirements in armor standards, covering stitching, sealing, labeling, and finish, assessed alongside ballistic performance.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
World Customs Organization
WCO
An intergovernmental organization that sets international trade standards and promotes the efficient movement of goods across borders.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
X
X Works Pricing
A pricing model in which the seller provides goods at their location, and all transport and import/export costs are borne by the buyer.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
XSAPI
X Small Arms Protective Insert: a U.S. military hard armor plate rated above ESAPI against certain additional rifle threats, at increased weight.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0123.00 ↗
Y
Yarn Pull-out
A failure mechanism in ballistic fabrics where fibers are pulled from the weave under impact, highlighting the importance of fabric structure and fiber bonding in the effectiveness of soft armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Yaw
The angular deviation of a projectile's axis of symmetry from its line of travel. Yaw affects stability, penetration, and damage upon impact, influencing armor performance against ballistic threats.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0115.00 ↗
Yield Strength
The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically, marking the limit of elastic behavior.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗
YOUNG’S Modulus
A measure of the stiffness of a material, representing its ability to resist elastic deformation under stress.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0101.07 ↗
Z
Zero-gap Ceramic Tilings
Precision-engineered ceramic tiles with no spacing, maximizing multi-hit protection and minimizing weak points in composite armor.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Zirconia-toughened Alumina
ZTA
A composite ceramic that combines the hardness of alumina with the toughness of zirconia, giving improved fracture toughness and multi-hit ballistic resistance relative to alumina alone. Adoption is constrained by cost and by the difficulty of processing the material consistently.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: NIJ 0108.01 ↗
Zone Admission Application
Documentation required for admitting goods into a foreign trade zone, allowing deferred payment of duties and taxes.
PRIMARY SOURCESource: 19 CFR / Incoterms ↗
Zylon
A high-performance fiber initially promising for ballistic protection due to its strength but later found to degrade under certain conditions, leading to its withdrawal from certain armor applications due to safety concerns.
REFERENCESource: NIST / materials science ↗